اسیران جنگ سے متعلق اسلام کے شرعى احکام کا علمى و تحقیقی جائزہ

The history of the prisoners of war is as old as the history of wars. The prisoners of war have been kept since old times. Before Islam there were only two kinds of treatment of prisoners of war. Either they were killed or made slaves. But Islam created many new ways for them which include: exchange of prisoners, ransom, gratuitous release and making them tax payers. And these options were used so as to allow them greater chance of winning freedom. All these options were being opted during the era of Holy Prophet SAW and later on carried out by Khulafa e Rashideen (RA) and other Muslim rulers. Whereas the killing of prisoners of war was limited to solid and irrefutable causes as exceptional cases. Furthermore the enslavement of prisoners was only opted as reciprocity. Both the above mentioned situations are not established rule in Islam. That's why there is no mention of these two options in Holy Quran. In this research paper all these options have been critically examined and researched. The arguments and references have been taken from Holy Quran and Hadith along with the sayings of Sahaba (RA), the practices of Muslim rulers and the judgments of Islamic jurists in this regard.

Determining the Factors of Profitability in Islamic and Conventional Banks of Pakistan

Banks plays vital role in capitalist economy. During the period of financial turmoil, it has been viewed that banks lost a huge capital due to non-recovery of loans from customers. Since there are two type of banks working in Pakistan therefore this thesis analyse which banks performance was better during the financial crunch. The objective of this thesis is to determine the factor affecting the profitability of Islamic and Conventional banks in Pakistan during the period 2008 — 2012. Data was collected through financial books of seventeen conventional and five Islamic banks. Two dependent variables i.e. Return on Asset and Return on Equity were used to determine the profitability of Islamic and conventional banks in Pakistan. Whereas Liquidity, Credit Risk, Capitalization, Efficiency, Bank Size, Economic Performance, Inflation and a dummy variable were used as Independent variables. Panel Data analysis is used to find out the result of secondary data. Initially the analysis was conducted on whole industry, which then applied on Islamic and Conventional banks separately. The results shows mixed trend for whole industry as well as separately. Liquidity is insignificant in the industry whereas the same result was obtained in separate analysis of Islamic and Conventional banks. Credit risk is significant and negatively correlated for whole industry as well as for separate banking segment i.e. Islamic and Conventional. Capitalization is significant in industry with ROE but showing a direct relationship. Same result is shown in Islamic and Conventional Banking Industry. However, it is also significant with ROA in Conventional banks showing an inverse relation. Efficiency is positively correlated and significant with ROA and ROE in industry and Islamic banks, whereas it is insignificant with ROE in conventional banks. Bank size shows same result for all analysis i.e. positive correlation and significance. The results of inflation and GDP are significant for conventional banks but having an inverse relation. Whereas GDP showing insignificant results in Islamic banks. While inflation is, significant but positively correlated with ROA. The results depicts that certain factor plays different role while determining the profitability of banks during certain conditions and type of banks. A same factor may be beneficial for conventional banks in certain time period whereas the same may be impacting negatively due to change of circumstances.