آزادی اظہار کی حدود قیود: مسئلہ عصمت انبیاء اور اقوام متحدہ

West generally blames the Muslim world on the grounds that it does not accede to freedom of expression. But in fact, Islam gave the right of freedom of expression for the first time in history. In Rome before Islam was introduced, the rulers used to enslave the masses. Greek ministers, Roman Catholic pastorates, Spanish Inquisitions and the ministerial experts used to rebuff the individuals who used to articulate unapproved religious perspectives. The British Parliament passed a Bill of Rights in 1689. This bill proclaimed the right to speak freely. It returned amid the French Revolution of 1789 which declared speaking freely as a natural right of each person. As indicated by Holy Quran there might be no impulse in acknowledgment of the religion which is also proved from Sunnah and through the actions of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Blasphemy law is a law related to blasphemy, or irreverence toward holy prophets, or beliefs or religious traditions. In the provisions of Article 18 and 19 of the U.N. Charter, no limitations were made for expression which has left the room open for the defamation on name of freedom of speech. According to Islam, maintaining the honor and respect of all people is essential for regional, national and universal peace. Any articulation which abuses peace, honor and pride of any individual, race, religious gathering or any minority assembly as a rule and so forth cannot be incorporated into the meaning of flexibility of articulation or freedom of speech.

Chemical Composition and Biological Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Selected Plants of Pothohar Plateau

Essential oils of different medicinal and aromatic plants have been potential candidates as source of food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicines and natural therapies in addition to their pharmacological properties like hepatoprotective, carminative, anticarcinogenic and antiviral effects. In present study some selected plants from Pothohar plateau were collected and subjected to essential oil extraction by hydrodistillation followed by assessment of their physical parameters like color, specific gravity, % yield etc and their biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic attributes. The oils were then characterized by using GC and GC-MS techniques to find the chemical constituents. Overall the examined oils exhibited good antioxidant and antimicrobial behavior. To the best of our knowledge the essential oil of Parthenium hysterophorus has never been reported with regard to its composition as well as biological activities before present study. In general, Trachyspermum ammi and Cuminum cyminum essential oils showed significant activity in most of the assays performed in this study. Both showed remarkable potential for scavenging of DPPH free radical with IC50 values 2.61and 16.86 μg/mL, respectively and inhibited linoleic acid by 80.73 and 79.36% respectively. For T. ammi most sensitive bacterium was Streptococcus mutans (Inhibition zone=19.7mm; MIC=1.41 mg/mL) and fungus was Ganoderma lucidum (Inhibition zone=17.0mm; MIC=1.72 mg/mL) while for C. cyminum most sensitive bacterium was Bacillus subtilis (Inhibition zone=27.3mm; MIC=1.10 mg/mL) and fungus was Ganoderma lucidum (Inhibition zone=27.0mm; MIC=1.40 mg/mL). Both T. ammi and C. cyminum exhibited minimum hemolysis of human erythrocytes i.e. 7.98 and 4.51% respectively at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. GC-MS analysis revealed that thymol (37.75%) was the major component of T. ammi essential oil while cumaldehyde (24.10%) in C. cyminum essential oil. All the experiments were done in triplicate and mean ± S.D. was calculated.