Origin of Earth: A Quranic Perspective

The modern scientific concepts were clearly envisioned in the Qur'an date back to 7th century, when observational facilities were not available, mathematical principles were not discovered, primary principles (quarks) and fundamental forces  i.e. Gravitational and electromagnetic were not identified. The word earth (أرْضَARD) appears 409 times in Quran. The number of verses in which the Earth is mentioned first is quite small, e.g. Sura 2, verse 29 and sura 20, verse 4, where a reference is made to "Him Who created the earth and the high heavens". On the other hand the numbers of verses where the Heavens are mentioned before the Earth are much larger e.g. Sura-l-araf (7), Verse 54; SuraYunus (10), verse 3; SuraQaf (50), verse 38; Sura l-Hadid (79), verses 27 to 33 etc. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. Sura l-Baqarah, verse (67)[i] states:  قَالَ أعُوْذُ بِاللهِ اأنْ أَکُوْنَ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِيْن He said, "I seek refuge in Allah from being among the ignorant."The Qur'an does not render a coordinated description of the Earth Creation. In lieu of a continuous story of creation, there are verses dispersed all over the Quran which deal with certain aspects of the Earth Creation. These scattered verses provide information on the sequential events marking its development with varying degrees of detail. The Quran referred toward at least five points which shed light on the creation of heaven and earth.  And these points are entirely confirmed by scientific facts.    

Geometric Modelling Using Subdivision Techniques

Subdivision techniques are being appreciated in geometric modelling. Curves be- ing the basic ingredient of the surfaces, have their own importance. Since no single scheme can be fit for every situation so, there is always a room to introduce new schemes. In this dissertation the interpolating curve subdivision scheme developed by Weissman [50], has been analyzed, using Laurent polynomial method. More- over, four approximating curve subdivision schemes have been developed. These schemes have also been analyzed, using Laurent polynomial method. The local supports of these schemes are determined as well. Regarding surface generation, a mathematical model of a three dimensional object using cross sectional data has been constructed. An algorithm for generating quadrilateral net is presented. The contours have been generated interpolating the data at each section, using a linear subdivision scheme introduced by Dyn et al. [17]. The contours have been, then, blended using the non-linear subdivision scheme developed Aspert [2]. The im- plementation of the schemes developed have also been depicted through different examples.