مسلم دورِحکمرانی ميں تعليمات نبویﷺ سے اخذ شدہ سراغ رسانی کے رہنما اصول

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.

Teaching of Listening Skills in Primary Classes in Pakistan

The main purpose of the study was to investigate how teachers in the Pakistani context teach listening skills in an English classroom. What are the methods and techniques used in teaching listening skills and what are their perceptions about the importance of teaching listening skills. The study was conducted in one of the AKES schools in Karachi. Three teachers voluntarily participated in the study. My primary role during the study was that of a non-participator observer. To gather the required information, semi-structured interviews, observations, document analysis and focus group discussion were used. The AKES English curriculum is one of the few curriculums in Pakistan that place some importance on teaching of listening skills. However this is not always translated in the syllabus as teaching plans. The textbooks appear to influence the proportion of listening activities included in teaching. However the influence of the examination system, influence of the textbook listening skills, appears to affect this, which was not been taught in systematic way. The result also indicates the lack awareness of teachers about how to teach listening skills in primary classes. In this study I present the current teaching of listening skills in AKES primary sections (classes III and IV) and discuss challenges faced by the teachers. No intervention was conducted. Although teachers feel listening skills are important to teach they do not know how to teach them.