رام چندر گاندھی
رام چندر گاندھی ۱۳؍ جون کو نئی دہلی کے انڈیا انٹر نیشنل سینٹر (IIC) میں انتقال کرگئے، یہ گاندھی جی کے پوتے، راج گوپال آچاریہ کے نواسے اور ہندوستان ٹائمز کے سابق اڈیٹر دیوداس گاندھی کے بیٹے تھے۔
ان کی تعلیم دہلی کے سنٹ اسٹیفن کالج میں ہوئی تھی جہاں وہ فلسفہ کے استاد بھی رہے، یہ ان کا خاص موضوع تھا اور اس میں دہلی یونیورسٹی اور آکسفورڈ دونوں جگہ سے ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری لی تھی، برطانیہ، امریکہ اور شانتی نکیتن میں بھی فلسفہ کے استاد تھے، اس میں کئی کتابیں لکھیں۔
انہیں بابری مسجد سانحہ کا بڑا دکھ تھا، اس پر ’’سیتا کی رسوئی‘‘ کے نام سے جو کتابچہ لکھا تھا، اس میں ثابت کیا ہے کہ جو جگہ مندر کی بتائی جاتی ہے وہاں قبائلی رہتے تھے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اکتوبر ۲۰۰۷ء)
Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) progresses from hepatocyte inflammation to fibrosis, regeneration, cirrhosis and in some cases to Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). In general, the main etiologies of Liver Cirrhosis (LC) are viral infections (hepatitis C and B viruses), chronic alcohol abuse and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), including Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH). Major complications of CLD are ascites, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, jaundice (acute or chronic) and hepatic encephalopathy. Objectives: This study assesses the etiological factors and complications of CLDin a tertiary care hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Study was carried out in indoor and Accident & Emergency Departments of Mayo Hospital Lahore. 100 clinically diagnosed CLD cases were chosen through “Convenient Sampling” technique during 3 months. Observations: Most common complications of CLD were upper GI variceal Bleeding (48%) & hepatic encephalopathy (34%) and acute or chronic hepatitis (AVH) (33%). Other less common complications observed were hepatorenal syndrome (10%), Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (15%), Ascites (5%) and HCC (10%). Conclusions: Hepatitis C was found as main etiological factor of CLD. Bleeding andhepatic encephalopathy are the common complications. Awareness programmes regarding CLD and its complications are mandatory in our society to improve human health.
A chemical library of N, N''-Disubstituted thioureas have been derived from substituted aromatic carboxylic acids and two types of combinatorial strategies have been employed for the construction of chemical library. For high throughput screening of components of the chemical library, solution-phase pool syntheses have been exercised, where each pool consists of four components. All the members of chemical library have also been synthesized by using a parallel mode of solution-phase combinatorial synthesis for the purpose of lead screening/identification, testing, characterization and for assembling of Cu(I), Cu(II) & Pd(II) metal complexes. Copper(I) (1A-19A, 1B-19B, 1C-19C& 1F) and palladium(II) [(1E-14E)] complexes of N, N''-disubstituted thioureas have only been synthesized with some selected thioureas from sub-library-1 and Cu(II) complexes (1D-6D) with isoureas (1-6), prepared from the thioureas derived from benzoic acid. All the thioureas (1a-40a, 1b-40b, 1c-40c, 1d-40d, 1e-40e, 1f-40f & 1g-40g) and complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, 1 H & 13 C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal XRD. The stability of the Cu(I) complexes in the test medium has been confirmed by cyclic voltammetric studies. The products of pool syntheses (pools 1-40) have been characterized by mass spectrometry and GC-MS (gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer) techniques. In all the Cu(I) and Pd(II) complexes, neutral N, N′-disubstituted thiourea ligands have been coordinated to the metal atom through the sulphur atom in a terminal mode except (1F), where the deprotonation of NH group of the thiourea ligand has facilitated the bonding of copper atom through N and S. The isoureas (1-6) show bidentate behavior in Cu(II) complexes having square planar geometry (1D-6D). The thioureas have also been examined for their fungicidal properties and these show significant activity against various fungi strains and low phytotoxicity for the representative monocot plant species. The complexes have been screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity in human cell lines carcinomas A498 (renal), EVSA-T (breast), H226 (lung), IGROV (ovarian), M19 (melanoma-skin), MCF-7 (breast) and WIDR (colon). They show a moderate cytotoxicity against these seven human cancer cell lines in comparison to that of the less active standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Biological screening of the synthesized thioureas and their metal complexes for various targets is in progress.