پروفیسر حبیب الحق ندوی
فروری کا معارف چھپ چکا تھا کہ پروفیسر حبیب الحق ندوی کے انتقال کی اندوہ ناک خبر ملی۔ وہ باڑھ (پٹنہ) کے سادات کے ایک معزز خاندان سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر میں میری طالب علمی کے زمانے میں ان کے دوچھوٹے بھائی بھی تعلیم حاصل کررہے تھے جن سے ملنے کبھی کبھی حبیب الحق صاحب بھی آجاتے تھے، وہ خود بھی یہاں زیر تعلیم رہ چکے تھے، پھر پاکستان چلے گئے اور عرصہ سے جنوبی افریقہ کی ڈربن یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ تھے، مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی مدظلہ سے بیعت تھے، ان سے ملنے لکھنؤ آتے رہتے تھے، اسی سلسلے میں ایک دفعہ بے سان و گمان دارالمصنفین بھی پہنچے، لکھنؤ سے اعظم گڑھ کا یہ سفر بڑا مشقت طلب رہا مگر دارالمصنفین کو دیکھتے ہی ان کی ساری کلفت دور ہوگئی، سرائمیر جانے کی خواہش کی جہاں کی سادگی اور اپنے زمانہ کے استاذوں کے ایثار و قناعت کے بڑے مداح تھے۔ ایک اور دفعہ ندوۃ العلماء میں روس کی آزاد مسلم ریاستوں کے بارے میں میں نے ان کا پُراز معلومات خطبہ سُنا تو انہیں اعظم گڑھ آنے کی دعوت دی یہاں بھی ان کی تقریر بہت پسند کی گئی جس سے ان کے علم و مطالعہ کی وسعت، حالاتِ حاضرہ سے باخبری اور ملی درد کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے۔ دارالمصنفین سے ان کو قلبی لگاؤ تھا، معارف پابندی سے پڑھتے، اس میں ان کے مضامین اور خطوط بھی شایع ہوتے تھے، اپنا سہ ماہی انگریزی رسالہ اور تمام کتابیں یہاں بھیجتے، ادھر عرصہ سے ان کا حال معلوم نہیں ہوا تھا، دفعتہ ان کے ارتحال کی خبر آگئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت کرے اور متعلقین کو صبر و شکیب بخشے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۱۹۹۸ء)
The relationship between English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture) and our culture as Muslim Pakistanis has developed over a period of time since the British colonization. The history of this cultural interaction may be divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The strategy adopted in this paper is based upon the argument that this relationship may be traced through some of the most representative figures of our culture, such as, Shibli, Iqbal, Faiz etc. In each phase of this interaction. The present essay on Shibli deals with the first phase of our cultural interaction with English. It adopts what may be termed as an analogical approach to the issue as it intends to engage with what I think to be rather unwarranted psychoanalytic forays of some of our critics into the psycho-dynamics of such culturally representative figures like Shibli in their relationship with English. The paper exploits the analogy first used by Sheikh Muhammad Ikram, and later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a step-mother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of our cultural interaction with the language. Shibli’s terms of engagement with his step-mother, and analogically with English, is the subject of this essay.
Azo dyes constitute the largest and most diverse group of dyes used in commercial applications. These dyes are carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature, as well as also create an aesthetic problem, so these must be removed before their disposal into water bodies. Various methods are in use for the decolorization of azo dyes. Every method has its own shortcomings and drawbacks. In this study, a comparative study was conducted to get the maximum decolorization of synthetic azo dyes and industrial effluents. Photo-Fenton’s process, biological and sequential methods were utilized for the decolorization of synthetic and real wastewater having azo dyes. In biological method, experiments was performed with five locally isolated indigenous white rot species, for the selection of two white rot fungal cultures based on their maximal decolorization potential. Different fermentation conditions (dye level, pH, inoculums size, temperature, mediators and metal ions) and nutritional factors (carbon and nitrogen sources) were optimized to enhance the efficiency of white rot fungal cultures for dye decolorization. In Photo-Fenton,s treatment method, the optimization of different experimental parameters (pH, FeSO4, H2O2, temperature and effects of salts) was done to get maximum decolorization (90%) of dye under study. Sequential methods were also studied) to investigate their effectiveness in the present study. The effectiveness of all treatment technologies was evaluated by water quality assurance parameters such as COD, BOD, TOC, TSS, phenolic contents ant toxicity assey, by following the standard methods of treatments. All treatments under study showed a good potential towards decolorization as well as mineralization, however, Sequential treatments showed best potential towards decolorization (up to 97%) as well as mineralization (up to 90%) of synthetic azo dyes. The uv-visible and FTIR spectral studies have shown decolorization as well as mineralization of dyes under study. An economic analysis has shown as the cost in the chemical treatment (Photo-Fenton treatment is considered mainly due to the chemicals, thus at lower doses (it is applied as a pre-treatment step), operating cost of the treatment can be saved. It was also found, that as the sequential carried out at lower dose of chemicals, so sludge production was almost negligible and the dye wastewater after sequential treatments fall within the safer limits, hence dispose off such treated water not be hazardous. Thus the overall treatment chain of Photo-Fenton oxidation followed by aerobic biological treatment could be quite effective and economical option for the treatment recalcitrant compounds like azo dyes in pilot plant scale.