پروفیسر ضیاء احمد بدایونی
افسوس ہے گزشتہ مہینہ ہماری پرانی بزم علم وادب کی ایک اورشمع بجھ گئی۔ پروفیسر ضیاء احمد صاحب بدایونی، بدایوں کے ایک نامور خانوادۂ شعروادب کے فرزند ارجمند تھے۔قدیم دستور کے مطابق عربی فارسی کی تعلیم ایک مدرسہ میں پائی پھرانگریزی تعلیم کی طرف متوجہ ہوئے توایم۔اے تک پہنچے، فارسی میں جس کا امتحان الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی سے فرسٹ ڈویژن میں پاس کیا۔۱۹۲۶ء میں بسلسلۂ ملازمت علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ ہوئے اورشعبۂ فارسی کے صدر اورپروفیسر کی حیثیت سے۱۹۵۹ء میں ریٹائرڈ ہوئے۔
موصوف کی استعداد بڑی پختہ اورنظر بہت وسیع تھی۔عربی،فارسی اوراردو شعروادب پر تحقیقی اور مبصرانہ نگاہ رکھتے تھے۔ لغت ان کا خاص فن تھا چنانچہ ریٹائرمنٹ کے بعد چند برس علی گڑھ میں اورچند برس دہلی میں لغت پرجوکام اردو شعبوں کے ماتحت ہورہاہے اس سے وابستہ رہے۔ تصنیف وتالیف کاذوق فطری تھا چنانچہ تاریخ و ادب پرمتعدد تصنیفات یادگار چھوڑی ہیں جن میں دیوان مومن مع ایک طویل مقدمہ کے اورشرح قصائد مومن خاصہ کی چیزیں ہیں۔ مذہبیات سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، اس سلسلہ میں بھی ان کی دوتین کتابیں ہیں۔ اخلاق و عادات کے لحاظ سے بھی بڑی خوبیوں کے بزرگ تھے، نہایت خوددار، ملنسار اورمتواضع تھے۔ طلباء پربے حد شفقت کرتے اور ان کی خدمت کے لیے ہروقت مستعد رہتے تھے۔ کم سخن تھے مگرجب بولتے تھے توتقریر مربوط اور پُرمغز کرتے تھے۔ عمر۷۷برس کے لگ بھگ تھی۔ ادھر کچھ عرصہ سے علی گڑھ میں جس کو انھوں نے اپنا وطن بنالیا تھا مقیم تھے۔وہیں۸/جولائی کوشب میں انتقال ہوا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت کرے، اب اس وضع کے لوگ کہاں ملیں گے۔
[اگست۱۹۷۳ء]
This research is motivated by the large number of well-off families who still buy household furniture on credit in Artificial Village II. This makes researchers interested in researching further the reasons why families are able to still buy goods on credit. The problem studied is how cultural factors influence the purchase of household furniture on credit among well-off families and what is the opinion of Sharia Economics regarding rich families who use credit to buy furniture for their homes. Field research uses qualitative field methods The data required for this situation is the buyer (well-off family) and seller who completed the credit trade exchange in Artificial Village II. Observations, interviews and documentation were used to obtain data. Analysis of qualitative descriptive data from this research reveals that cultural factors are the main reason why people in Artificial Village II can buy household furniture on credit. Many people in Artificial Village II do not understand what cultural factors exist in society, so without realizing it, culture is the main cause of people buying goods on credit. Islam does not forbid this strategy of buying and selling on credit because it can make it easier for people to get the goods they need because they don't need to spend money for it. That the support and conditions framed by Islam should be adhered to in carrying out trade exchanges to ensure harmony between associations and arrangements without any pressure.
Among vertebrates, snakes have always been obviously unique and interesting. Major venomous snakes (Elapidae and Viperidae) are found in Pakistan. Information on the genetic relationships of organisms is deficient on this unique and distinctive species. The present study was designed for the molecular phylogeny of Elapidae (Common Krait, Black Cobra) and Viperidae (Russell''s viper, saw-scaled vipers) snakes in Pakistan. A total of 100 samples [Twenty five of each species i.e., Krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Black Cobra (Naja naja), Russel’s viper (Daboia russelii) and Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus)] were obtained. Samples were collected from tail tip biopsies and shed skin of the snakes. After DNA extraction, PCR primers of mitochondrial genes (ND4, Cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and COI) and nuclear genes (C-mos, RAG1, BDNF and NT3) were designed by Primer3 software. Some already reported primers in previous studies were also used. Selected regions of the genes were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR products were sequenced bi-directionally by Big DyeTM Terminator on ABI 3130XL Genetic analyzer. Forward and reverse sequences from a given sample was assembled through Sequencher 5.0 software. The resulting contigs were given specific identities. These contigs (sequences) were then aligned with other reported sequences from NCBI database through MEGA 6.0 using ClustalW tool for further data analyses. The nucleotide data for every gene was concatenated using SequenceMatrix 1.7.8 software. The concatenated data was partitioned through PartitionFinder 1.1.1 giving best partition scheme and evolutionary models for phylogenetic analyses. Two types of phylogenetic analyses i.e., Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) were performed through RaxML 8.0 and MrBayes 3.2 softwares. The resulting phylogenetic trees were visualized and saved by Figtree 1.4.3 software. DnaSP 5.0 was used for analyses of polymorphic sites, DNA polymorphism and pairwise number of differences for accessing the variation and genetic biodiversity in four snake species with other species of the respected genera (Bungarus, Naja, Daboia and Echis). Percent identity matrix were also constructed by comparing different species of every snake genus using online tool MUSCLE. The homology among the snake species was presented as line graphs. Black Cobra and Russel’s viper used in this study were found to be different from those found in India while saw scaled viper was similar to northern but different from south Indian one. Common krait needs more studies from Indian subcontinent. So, this study gives an insight in the genetic biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of the four venomous snake species of Pakistan showing considerable inter and intra specific variations from different geographical regions of the world. Inclusion of greater number of samples and diverse sampling is recommended for more resolution in the genetic biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of these snakes so that correct identification with authenticity might help not only in genetic conservation of such species as well as in the development of effective antivenom against venomous snake bites.