الأحاديث التي حكم عليها الإمام البغوي بالنكـارة مـن خلال كتابه (شـرح السنة)

يهدف هذا البحث إلى إبراز جهود الإمام البغوي في الأحاديث التي حكم عليها بالنكـارة، مـن خلال كتابه: (شـرح السنة)، كما أنه يحُرر في هذا البحث: المقصود بالمـنكر، وأنواعه، وحكمه عـند العلماء المتخصصين مـن المتقدمين في علم الحديث. وقد استخدمت الباحثة المـنهج الاستقرائي والمـنهج التحليلي. وقد وصلت الباحثة إلى مجموعة مـن النتائج أبرزها: أن المراد بالمـنكر عـند الإمام البغوي هو: الذي يتفرد به المتروك أو مـن اشتد ضعفه، حيث قد اعتمد في حكمه بالنكـارة على مـن سبقه مـن المحدثين، كـالإمام البخاري، والإمام الترمذي، وكـل الأحاديث مورد الدراسة قد حصلت فيها النكـارة مـن جهة السند، وما يزال الباب مُشـرعاً أمام الباحثين في استكمال تحرير مصطلحات علم الدراية وتطبيقها عـند الإمام البغوي مـن خلال مصنفاته. الكـلمات المفتاحية: النكـارة، الأمام البغوي، كتاب شـرح السنة.

Effects of Nitrogen and Seed Priming on Forage Yield and Quality of Sorghum Sorghum Bicolor L. Cultivars

Most of the farmers grow sorghum by traditional soaking for some hours, they did not know about priming and appropriate soaking time. The present studies to determine the effect of nitrogen and seed priming on forage yield and quality of sorghum cultivars were conducted at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. One wire house and two field experiments were conducted for this study. Wire house experiment was conducted in pots and was laid out in completely randomized design with three replicates. Both the field experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement using three replicates. In the wire house experiment sorghum genotypes (Hegari, Sadabahar, PC-1, JS- 263, JS-2002, F-9917, F-2022) and priming techniques (Non-primed, CaCl 2 , hydropriming, KNO 3 and on-farm priming) were screened out for better emergence. The response of four best performed cultivars (F-9917, Hegari, JS-263 and JS-2002) to best priming techniques i.e. on- farm priming, Hydropriming, KNO 3 and CaCl 2 in wire house experiment was studied in 1st field experiment. In the second field experiment interactive effects of four nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 and120 Kg ha-1) and priming techniques (Non-primed, CaCl 2 , hydropriming, KNO 3 and on-farm priming) on sorghum cultivar JS-2002 were studied. Results of experiments showed that seed priming reduced the time to start emergence, time taken to 50 % emergence, mean emergence time and increased the energy of emergence, final emergence percentage, emergence count, fresh weight and dry weight per plant in wire house and field experiments. Priming improved the nitrogen uptake, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and crude protein, but negatively influenced the fat contents in both field experiments. Among all the priming techniques CaCl 2 proved better for most of the parameters mentioned above. Varieties differed significantly from one another for time to start emergence, time taken to 50% emergence, energy of emergence and final emergence percentage in the wire house experiment, but showed no effect under field conditions on time to start emergence, time taken to 50% emergence and mean emergence time. In the first field experiment cultivars differed for emergence count, coefficient of uniformity of emergence, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, stand density at final harvest, forage yield, dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake. Varieties also differed for physiological and quality attributes. The interaction was found non-significant for all parameters. Cultivar JS-2002 performed better than all other cultivars for growth, yield and quality attributes. In the second field experiment nitrogen levels did not show any impact on emergence parameters of sorghum, but significantly improved the forage yield and maximum yield was recorded at nitrogen level of 120 kg ha-1 did not differ significantly from 80 kg ha-1. The increase in yield was mainly due to greater plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area plant-1. The physiological parameters like leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were improved by nitrogen application. The quality parameters i.e. crude protein, crude fibre and total ash were also significantly improved by nitrogen application. The increase in nitrogen application decreased the ether extractable fat contents. The interactions were not significant for all parameters recorded in field experiments.