مولانا کوثر نیازی
گذشتہ ماہ اخباروں سے یہ معلوم کر کے بڑا صدمہ ہوا کہ پاکستان کے مشہور عالم و مصنف، ادیب و شاعر اور سیاست داں مولانا کوثر نیازی کا انتقال دماغ کی شریان پھٹ جانے سے ہوگیا، اناﷲوانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ ۱۹۳۴ء میں میانوالی پنجاب میں پیدا ہوئے، طالب علمی کا زمانہ پریشانی میں گزرا مگر ان کے حوصلے بلند رہے، تعلیم سے فراغت کے بعد قومی اشغال سے ان کا شغف بڑھا، ایک زمانے میں جماعت اسلامی کے سرگرم رکن رہے۔ اس سے علیحدگی کے بعد جناب ذوالفقار علی بھٹو سابق وزیر اعظم پاکستان کی پیپلز پارٹی میں شامل ہوئے اور ۱۹۷۰ء میں سیالکوٹ سے قومی اسمبلی کے ممبر منتخب ہوئے، ۱۹۷۲ء میں وزیر اعظم مسٹر بھٹو نے انہیں امور مذہبی و اطلاعات و نشریات کا وزیر بنایا۔ موجودہ وزیر اعظم مسز بے نظیر بھٹو نے انہیں اسلامی کونسل کا چیرمین مقرر کیا تھا۔
صحافت و خطابت کے میدان میں بھی وہ اپنے جوہر دکھاتے رہے۔ بڑے اچھے مقرر اور خطیب تھے، کئی برس تک لاہور، سے ہفت روزہ ’’شہاب‘‘ نکالتے رہے اور کئی علمی و دینی کتابیں یاد گار چھوڑیں۔ ان کی کتابوں، اسلام ہمارا دین، بصیرت، بنیادی حقیقتیں اور آئینہ تثلیث کو بڑی مقبولیت حاصل ہوئی، آخر الذکر کتاب اس وقت لکھی گئی جب پاکستان میں عیسائی مشنریاں ناواقف مسلمانوں کو عیسائی بنانے میں سرگرم تھیں، یہ کتاب دراصل اسلام کی عیب جوئی کرنے والے عیسائی مبلغین کے لیے ایک آئینہ ہے جس میں عیسائیت کے اصلی خط و خال نمایاں ہوگئے ہیں۔ بھٹو حکومت کے خاتمہ کے بعد انھوں نے ’’اور لائن کٹ گئی‘‘ کے نام سے جو کتاب لکھی تھی اس میں اس کا ذکر ہے کہ فوجی انقلاب کیسے آیا؟ مولانا کی تحریر و تصنیف کی ایک خوبی روانی اور شگفتگی بھی ہے۔
مولانا کوثر نیازی ہندوستان اور پاکستان...
Liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and any acute or chronic malfunction of the liver due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis may induce lipid derangements Objective: To determine the patterns of deranged lipid profiles in patients of chronic hepatitis C Methods: It is a prospective, observational study, conducted at Medicine Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for 6 months i.e.1stJanuary to 30th June 2018. After the ethical approval, 160 diagnosed cases of chronic hepatitis C of ages 18-70 years of either gender were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Informed written consent was taken. Demographic information such as name, age and gender were recorded. Venous blood samples from patients after 10 to 14 hours of fasting were drawn for lipid profiles and sent to pathology laboratory. All results were expressed as mg/dl. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 Results: Out of 160 patients in this study, there were 94 males and 66 females. Total cholesterol was lower in 62.5% patients, normal in 33.75% patients and higher in 3.75% patients. Triglycerides levels were low in 66.25%, normal in 33.125%, and high in 0.625% patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were low in 82.5% patients, normal in 10% and raised in 7.5% patients. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were low in 95%, normal in 4.375% & high in 0.625% patients Conclusions: Low levels of serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL are seen in population suffering from chronic HCV infection.
Small UAVs, due to their easy handling and lesser logistic support requirements are attracting lot of interest for applications ranging from military to commercial, and even for scientific data collection. In present day scenario, they are mostly used to conduct surveillance, reconnaissance, search and rescue missions for military and civilian outfits. In order to complete the assigned tasks they are usually equipped with surveillance cameras. Unlike their larger counterparts, smaller UAVs by virtue of their size cannot carry sophisticated gyro stabilized cameras. It therefore becomes important to address this shortcoming, in terms of non availability of gyro stabilization by ensuring a smoother flight even in turbulent weather to receive a stable and good quality video from UAV. Growing interest in small UAVs has motivated many equipment manufacturers to develop Off The Shelf autopilots. Being cost effective, simple, flexible and reliable, PID based autopilots are generally preferred for the purpose. Besides number of advantages, PID controllers have a limitation that they sometimes require retuning of the gains when subjected to external disturbance. UAVs perform satisfactorily if the atmospheric conditions do not change much. However, if the UAV moves to a location where the atmospheric conditions change substantially, the PID gains may require readjustment / retuning, which is a tedious job and requires numerous UAV flights; otherwise performance degradations in terms of pitching and rolling oscillations are observed. The above premise formed the basis and source of motivation for this research. It was considered that instead of going for retuning, gain scheduling or replacing the existing, conveniently available PID controller with some intricate or complex controller, a simpler, realizable and effective scheme should be adopted. The basic idea of the proposed scheme was derived from a situation in which a boy sometimes requires a bit of extra hand from his father sitting beside him, while driving through a bumpy and wavy patch of road. Father closely monitors the driving performance of his son on bumpy road and when he thinks that slight help in terms of applying an extra force by holding the steering can improve the capability of his son to negotiate the bad patch, he does so. After passing through bumpy part of road when father senses that the extra effort is no more required, he gradually removes it and his son takes over the car back again as a solo driver. Following the same analogy, the idea was conceived to propose a supervising mechanism which can act like a human pilot and can be augmented with an existing control system of a UAV for improving its performance in presence of atmospheric disturbances without going into exercise of retuning the controller gains. Our supervisory mechanism is composed of two modules, “observer module” and “correction generator module”. We developed a human thinking like logic for observer module so that it keeps monitoring the status of flight through specified inputs and outputs of the system and instructs the correction generator module to augment main controller by adding compensation commands when required i.e. in case undesired attitude error is observed. The second module for correction generation is based on Fuzzy rules, where rule set was developed using input from a UAV pilot. Effort is made to maintain a logical layout of this thesis so that the reader can be familiarized with the theoretical concepts and analysis tools related to UAVs. A small UAV with already published aerodynamic data is taken as a reference bird. In chapter two and three of this thesis detailed explanation about the formulation of its nonlinear mathematical modeling, linearization process to achieve decoupling and simplicity, conducting static and dynamic stability analysis, criteria for flying qualities assessment is given. Designing of PID controllers for attitude, altitude and heading control using linearized UAV models is covered in chapter four. Performance of designed controller is also validated by using nonlinear UAV model. Atmospheric disturbances such as wind shear and turbulence significantly influence the attitude of UAVs. Rotary moments, rolling moments, vertical and lateral wind gusts generated due to moderate to severe turbulence are simulated as atmospheric disturbance. Pitch and roll response in presence of these disturbances are presented. In chapter five the functionality of proposed scheme is discussed in detail and simulations are run to demonstrate improved pitch and roll response under atmospheric disturbance by augmenting the supervisory mechanism. Simulation results showing significant reduction in attitude errors with slight increase in control effort after augmenting the supervisory mechanism are presented. Simulations are run using linear as well as nonlinear model of UAV. Comparison of results obtained from standalone PID controller and augmented system is presented to validate the efficacy of proposed scheme Keywords; UAV Modeling, Stability analysis of UAVs, UAV autopilots, Disturbance rejection in UAVs