سیرت طیبہ پر قسِیس زکریا بطرس کی تنقیدات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The Critiques of Zakaria Boutros on the Noble Seerah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad: An Analytical Study Islam is not only a true divine religion but an all-embracing way of life. Prophet Muhammadﷺ is the perfect and ideal role model for the whole mankind. Hisﷺ holy life is open to all in each and every aspect. Hisﷺ noble footsteps and teachings give complete guidance in every walk of life. It has been observed that Jews and Christians’ religious scholars and Orientalist study the Quran, Hadῑth, Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, generally, to deduce negative and subjective conclusions, pretending that they are studying objectively. Father Zakaria Boutros is one such priest from the Middle East. Basically, he is an Egyptian Coptic priest and an active Evangelist. He is a controversial figure in that country for his scriptural studies of Islamic texts. For the last sixty years, he has misguided hundreds of people especially Muslims through his missionary activities and maligning campaign against Islam in the form of booklets, Television programs, Internet services such as Paltalk and personal official websites etc. He has tried to distort facts and to present Prophet Muhammadﷺ in such a way that the attraction of Islam be decreased in the eyes of non-Muslims and doubts be produced among the simple-minded Muslims. In the article under reference, some selected critiques and objections on Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) related to the birth period (pregnancy duration), lineage, sources of knowledge and accusation of worshipping the black stone, are thoroughly analyzed and responded in a scholarly way.

Enhancing Bioavailable Phosphorous in Soil Through Sulfur Oxidation by Thiobacillus

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer use efficiency is only 15 % in calcareous alkaline soils as in Pakistan. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) especially Thiobacillus spp. solubilize the unavailable P in soil by synthesizing sulfuric acid. This study was performed in three steps: (i) screening of SOB from different microbial ecologies, (ii) use of different SOB with S levels for enhancing bio-available P, and (iii) effect of SOB along with P fertilizer and S on plant growth and yield. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were isolated, screened, identified and the most efficient SOB were found as the genus Thiobacillus in sulfur based ecologies such as industrial wastewater, sewerage water and sulfur mud. These SOB isolates were IW1, SW2, SS1, IW13, IW14, IW16 and SM1 which reduced the pH of different media (thiosulphate, tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate) in 07 to 40 days after inoculation. Four Thiobacillus isolates viz., IW16, SW2, IW1 and IW14 were inoculated in soil with three S levels 50, 37.5 and 25 mg kg-1. Thiobacillus spp. IW16 and SW2 reduced soil pH with 50 mg S kg-1 from 7.90 to 7.12 and 7.28 respectively. Similarly, Thiobacillus strain IW16 in combination with 50 mg S kg-1 reduced CaCO3 contents from 7.14 to 6.93 % and solubilized Ca8-P and Ca10- P. Increase in the concentration of sparingly soluble Ca2-P (20.33 mg kg-1) and xvii bioavailable P contents (net increase of 22.26 mg kg-1) were also recorded as a result of P solubilization phenomenon. Lastly field experiments were conducted on two permanent lay outs (plot size 3 m × 3 m) at two different places growing for rice-wheat and maize-maize crops. The best Thiobacillus isolates (IW16 and SW2) along with 100 kg S ha-1 were inoculated in combination with two doses of P fertilizer viz., 45 and 90 kg P2O5 ha . Significant increase in the concentration of bio-available P in soil was recorded through bacterial S oxidation in both experiments. Growth and yield parameters of the tested crops (rice, wheat and maize) exhibited positive significant correlation with P solubilization through S oxidation by Thiobacilli with the highest values by strain IW16 along with 100 kg S ha-1. Interaction between Thiobacillus spp. and S was highly significant in enhancing the growth and yield of crops. Treatment of soil with Thiobacilli and S was the best practice for enhancing bioavailability of P already present as fixed P in huge quantity.