الاباحة في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

Permissibility (al-Ibāḥah) is a kind of the Islamic law, which gives option to someone to do or not to do something. If something is done by someone under this order, no punishment or reward is liable. It nullifies the delinquency. This paper defines the lexical and technical meanings of permissibility as defined by different Islamic scholars like alShāṭibī, al-Āmidī and al-Ghazālī and the conventional law that how it removes responsibility of delinquency of an act and makes it permissible for person, who does it. Its different kinds and causes for permissibility have been discussed. It has general and particular kinds. It has also been differentiated from insanity: that when a person commits an offense under defective understanding such as childhood, mental illness and in sleeping. These conditions remove someone’s responsibility and one cannot be prosecuted by both the laws. Different rules regarding mistake and ignorance in the case of al-Ibāḥah (permissibility) has been discussed in detail. There are limitations of al-Ibāḥah and if the limits of alIbāḥah are transgressed, then, the act converts into criminality. The author, in this paper, presents a comparative study of the Islamic Law and Conventional Law on the issue of al-Ibāḥah.

Growth Inhibition, Toxic and Repellent Effect of Some Indigenous Plant Materials Against Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus Chinesis L. Coleoptera: Bruchidae in D. I. Khan

The present research work was carried out in Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during 2011-14. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications to determine growth inhibition, toxic and repellent effect of some indigenous plant materials against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed and leaf, bakain (Melia azedarach) seed, turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, tumha (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit, kaner (Nerium oleander) leaf, harmal (Peganum harmala) and panir (Withania coagulans) seed were evaluated at the application rate of 3.0% in different formulations. The most effective plant material in each experiment was further evaluated using different concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 0.025% for optimum control of the pest. Neem seed powder exhibited significantly highest oviposition deterrence (91.27%), adult inhibition (99.25%) and repellency (67.02%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this powder showed significantly lowest damage (0.49%) and weight loss (0.26%). Bakain seed powder caused maximum (20.24%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours of exposure time. Studies on efficacy of different concentrations of neem seed powder showed that it effectively inhibited oviposition and adult emergence of the pest up to 0.4% concentration, showing optimum oviposition deterrence (51.20%), adult inhibition (80.62%) and significantly lowest (21.41 and 8.64%) damage and weight loss of chickpea grains compared to control. The same powder provided optimum (51.36%) repellency at 2.0% concentration. Among aqueous extracts, bakain seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (61.25%) and adult inhibition (77.40%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this extract showed lowest damage (41.80%) and weight loss (12.85%) compared to control. The same extract caused maximum (47.21 and 44.70%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment and topical application respectively. Aqueous extracts of neem seed and leaf exhibited maximum (22.88 and 22.81%) repellency against the pest. The results further depicted that bakain seed extract retained antiovipositional and adult inhibition activity up to 2.0% concentration and provided optimum oviposition deterrence (52.53%), adult inhibition (67.91%), lowest grain damage (42.90%) and weight loss (13.02%) compared to control. However, this extract could not show prominent toxicity at lower concentrations. A gradual decrease in its efficacy was observed with a decrease in its concentration. Methanolic extract of neem leaf provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (72.34%), adult inhibition (80.13%), lowest damage (26.53%) and weight loss (8.70%) of chickpea grains. The same extract provided 10.75, 14.58 and 5.49% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. Harmal seed extract showed maximum (48.28%) repellency against the pest. All the tested concentrations of neem leaf extract were effective against the pest. However, it provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.47%) and adult inhibition (68.41%) at 0.1% concentration. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly less damage (29.77%) and weight loss (9.69%) compared to control. While harmal seed extract could not retain repellency at lower concentrations and exhibited 47.03, 41.93, 34.73, 27.24 and 14.53% repellency at 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5% concentrations respectively. Acetone extract of neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (84.11%), adult inhibition (99.40%), lowest damage (1.46%) and weight loss (0.75%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited significantly highest (67.88%) repellency against the pest. Topical application of panir and neem seed extracts caused 17.82 and 13.14% mortality of adult insects respectively after 72 hours of treatment. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.2%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (53.99%), adult inhibition (54.06%), lowest damage (27.32%) and weight loss (9.23%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited optimum (51.25%) repellency at 1.0% concentration. Among hexane extracts of different plant materials, neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (93.34%), adult inhibition (98.36%) and repellency (77.43%) against the pest. The grains treated with this extract showed significantly lowest (11.64 and 0.20%) damage and weight loss respectively. Turmeric rhizome extract caused 16.88, 22.23 and 10.07% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.1%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.40%), adult inhibition (52.46%) and repellency (50.06%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly lowest damage (27.49%) and weight loss (9.80%) compared to control. On the basis of aforementioned results, it is concluded that neem seed powder, aqueous extract of bakain seed, methanolic extract of neem leaf, acetone extracts of neem and bakain seed, while hexane extract of neem seed were highly effective against the pest. These plant products can successfully be used in the management of pulse beetle (C. chinensis) during storage of chickpea grains.