ناصر کاظمی
ناصر کاظمی کا اصل نام سید ناصر رضا کاظمی تھا۔ ان کی ولادت 8 دسمبر 1925ء جبکہ وفات 2 مارچ 1972ء کو ہوئی۔گئے دنوں کا سراغ لیکر کدھر سے آیا، کدھر گیا وہ، عجیب مانوس اجنبی تھا مجھے تو حیران کرگیا وہ ،جیسے ہزاروں اشعار کے خالق اردوغزل کے رجحان ساز شاعر (۵۲۹۱ - ۲۷۹۱) ناصر رضا کاظمی انبالہ (پنجاب) میں پیدا ہوئے ان کا پورا نام سید ناصر رضا کاظمی تھا۔ ابتدائی تعلیم انبالہ میں ہوئی۔ اس کے بعد اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں زیر تعلیم رہے۔ اعلیٰ تعلیم کی تکمیل نہ ہو سکی۔۔ ۱۹۴۷ میں تقسیم ہند کے بعد لاہور میں سکونت اختیار کی۔ ناصر کاظمی نے 1939ء میں صرف سولہ سال کی عمرمیں لاہور ریڈیو کے ساتھ بطور اسکرپٹ رائٹر منسلک ہو ئے اور پھر آخری وقت تک کسی نہ کسی صورت ریڈیوپاکستان کے ساتھ منسلک رہے۔اسکے علاوہ وہ مختلف ادبی جریدوں، اوراق نو، ہمایوں اور خیال کے مدیر بھی رہے۔شعر گوئی کا آغاز جوانی میں ہو گیا تھا۔ شاعری کے علاوہ موسیقی سے بھی گہری دلچسپی تھی۔
ناصر کاظمی نے اپنی تخلیقی زندگی کی ابتداء تیرہ برس کی عمر میں کی اور ابتداء میں اس زمانے کے معروف شاعر اخترشیرانی سے متاثرہوکر رومانوی نظمیں اور پھر غزلیں کہیں۔اور میر تقی میر کو اپنا مرشد سمجھا یہی وجہ ہے کہ شاعری میں میر تقی میر کی شاعری کا عکس نظر آتا ہے۔
قیام پاکستان کے بعد ان کے اشعار کی مہک گوشے گوشے میں پھیل گئی اور پاکستان کو ناصر کاظمی کے روپ میں ایک نیا شاعر نصیب ہوا۔ ناصر کاظمی نے پیروی میر کرتے ہوئے اپنے سادہ اسلوب ،قادرالکلامی ،ندرت خیال، سچے جذبوں اور احساسات کی بدولت اردو غزل کا دامن ایسے ایسے تابدار موتیوں سے بھر دیا ہے کہ اردو ادب کی تاریخ میں امر ہو گئے۔کپڑے بدل کر جاؤں کہاں،...
The Arabic language faces many hurdles in its expansion and progress in the non-Arab world internationally. This time our focus is the multi-lingual community Nigeria. Nigeria is a country of languages, where there are hordes of mother tongues (dialects) , an official language and then there is a religious language as well. It is very tough to focus on the Arabic language in this myriad of languages though; it enjoys a historic status and prestige there. A few reasons for this lack of focus on Arabic language Nigeria are as follow: 1. The British colonialism and its treacherous role to downplay the Arabic language. 2. To segregate Arabic from Muslim Ummah in Nigeria, the colonialists thus promoted English and French as official administrative languages. 3. Dearth of text books in Arabic at primary and secondary level. Moreover there are no well equipped language laboratories to develop Arabic in Nigeria. 4. The stranded economic state of the country. 5. The scarcity of Arabic press houses in Nigeria and lack of interest in the Arabic language by the general public. A few suggestions to promulgate and develop the Arabic language in Nigeria are as follow: a. Students’ attention needs to be drawn towards the Arabic language as a modern and rich language. For this all the available resources need to be exhausted. b. The Arabic language centres should be developed where proficient teachers should teach Arabic. The present faculty for Arabic should do refresher courses in Arabic to enhance their capabilities. c. The availability of Arabic text books to cater the various levels of the students is made possible. A committee should monitor the overall process and progress of Arabic language in Nigeria. d. The Nigerian government should play an active role in the development and progress of the Arabic language in Nigeria
This study focused on the high temperature tolerance of mungbean varieties using plexiglass canopy to increase the prevailing high temperature. The plant measurements were made for heat induced changes growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, osmolytes accumulation, oxidative stress and antioxidative response, shoot, root and seed nutrient and yield attributes at different growth stages. Data revealed that heat tolerance in mungbean was variable at three prime foliation and flowering stages. The varieties exhibiting prolific root system and leaf area (e.g., NM-2011 and NM-2006) were more tolerance to heat stress. Heat stress caused the loss of chlorophyll and inhibition of the leaf gas exchange. The tolerant varieties incurred a minimum loss of photosynthetic pigments; more importantly increased carotenoids contents were closely associated to heat tolerance. Among the studied osmolytes, the accumulation of soluble sugars and GB at flowering stage contribute greatly to heat tolerance in the studied varieties. Due to high temperature, the production of hydrogen peroxide (as reactive oxygen species) and malondialdehyde was seen, but the tolerant varieties produced minimum amounts of these oxidative stress metabolites, while the accumulation of phenolics, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid were able to possibly protect the membrane especially in the tolerant varieties. The success of the tolerant varieties in displaying greater pod growth and seed yield characters appeared to be due maintenance of greater nutrient contents both in the shoot and root tissues especially under excessive high temperature stress. In conclusion, mungbean showed a large genetic variability for tolerance to heat stress at flowering and maturity stages. This implied that the varieties with a tendency to maintain greater nutrient contents was better able to withstand heat stress conditions. Among the studied attributes, the heat stress induced oxidative stress appeared to be a main reason for mungbean susceptibility to high temperature. Future studies will further our understanding on heat tolerance mechanisms and mungbean improvement programs for better growth in warmer areas.