نواب جعفر علی خاں اثرؔ لکھنوی
افسوس ہے کہ ۶ جون کو نواب جعفر علی خاں اثر لکھنوی نے انتقال کیا، وہ اس دور کے استاد فن شاعر اور اردو زبان و ادب کے نامور محقق تھے، اس کے جملہ متعلقات پر ان کی نظر بڑی گہری اور محققانہ تھی، اور اس میں ان کا قول سند کی حیثیت رکھتا تھا، ان کی ذات لکھنؤ کی تہذیب و شائستگی اور قدیم شرافت و وضعداری کا نمونہ تھی، ان کی زندگی کا بڑا حصہ سرکاری ملازمت میں گذرا، کلکٹری کے عہدے سے ریٹائر ہوئے لیکن تصنیف و تالیف و تلاش و تحقیق کا مشغلہ ہمیشہ جاری رہا اور انھوں نے اردو زبان و ادب کے مختلف پہلوؤں پر محققانہ مضامین اور مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ فرہنگ اثر ہے جس کی پہلی جلد شائع ہوچکی ہے، ان کی وفات سے اردو زبان کا ایک بڑا محقق اٹھ گیا، اور قدیم تہذیب کی ایک اہم یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جون ۱۹۶۷ء)
Current accounts and Ijarah has been foremost and important tools operated by the Islamic Financial Institutions. This study attempts to explore a few misgivings in the handling of current accounts by the Islamic banks in Pakistan. Financial management of Islamic banks is not under consideration which leads to the violation of Shariah’s fundamentals. Also in case of Ijarah, a bank’s client suffers from financial losses which must be borne in Islamic Banking system. Islamic Banks transfer the burden of some charges emerging form ownership of leased asset on their clientele which does not have any justification according to Shariah. This research has been carried out by taking unstructured interviews from some of the concerned staff of Islamic Banks. The results depict that current accounts and Ijarah is in operation and need to be revised and refined and must comply with Shariah.
The internet has become an attractive avenue for global e-business, e-learning, knowledge sharing, etc. Due to continuous increase in the volume of web content, however, it is not practically possible for a user to extract information by browsing and integrating data from a huge amount of web sources retrieved by the existing search engines. The semantic web technology aims to answer this and many other information extraction related issues by providing a suite of tools for integrating data from different sources. To take full advantage of semantic web, however, it is necessary to annotate existing web pages with semantics. Another difficulty that logically arises while accessing information over the web is the presence of unstructured, ungrammatical and incoherent format such as online advertisements, emails, reports etc. This thesis aims to answer few of the concern raised above and presents a semantic annotation framework that is capable of extracting relevant data from unstructured, ungrammatical and incoherent data sources and semantically annotating it. The semantic annotation framework is named BNOSA and it employs ontology and Bayesian network to perform semantic annotation. As the data is unstructured and ungrammatical, the framework exploits the use of context keywords along with domain knowledge to find the location of the data of interest in relevant data sources. Due to the variable size of information available on different web pages, it is often the case that the extracted data contains missing values for certain variables of interest or it may extract more than one value (conflicting values). It is desirable in such situations to predict the missing values and to resolve the conflicts by selecting the most relevant value. BNOSA employs Bayesian networks for missing value prediction and conflict resolution. The framework is extensible as it is capable of dynamically linking any problem domain given a pre-defined ontology and a corresponding Bayesian network. Experiments have been conducted to analyze the performance of BNOSA on several problem domains. The sets of corpora used in the experiments belong to selling-purchasing websites where product information is entered by ordinary web users in a structure free format. The results show that BNOSA performs better than the other recently proposed semantic annotation frameworks.