زر اور معاوضۂ زر: سرمایہ دارانہ اور اسلامی نظام معیشت کے تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Money and its Compensation: An Analysis with Respect to Capitalism and Islamic Economic System In trade and commerce, money has remained the backbone of the business and trade. From the beginning to the end, money is an indispensable part of every economic activity. For this importance, money is treated as a factor of production. But the question is what is meant by money and whether the value of money can be recognized as a land, house, shop, car, bungalow and merchandise goods? And then what is the status if it is in the form of interest and it is linked to inflation? The research article underlines the key aspect regarding money and its compensation in the perspective of capitalistic and Islamic economic system. The qualitative and analytical approach was applied in this article. A literature review concluded that time value of money in capitalistic economy is unlimited while the Islamic economic system does not recognize its value in form of interest and with the association of inflation rate. It is recommended that business to be done on a profit and loss basis, rather than on debt and interest and instead of linking money to the inflation rate, alternatives should be proposed, for example if a person wants to take the loan, he should be given what he needs on cost plus profit basis.

Nuclear Deterrence under the Shadow of Non-State Actors: A Case Study of South Asia

The study attempts to critically examine the current state of nuclear deterrence stability between South Asian arch rivals – India and Pakistan – in the context of non-state actors and their potential to cause nuclear terrorism and nuclear crises in the region. India and Pakistan use selective non-state actors for proxy warfare against each other. Both provide rationale and logic behind such dangerous policies. The study tries to empirically investigate this „peculiar‟ behavior of both the nuclear states and examines possible repercussions on nuclear deterrence stability in South Asia. While emphasizing the rapidly increasing trajectories of nuclear arsenals in both the states, the study analyses the impact of such trends on nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the dissertation notes how technological and doctrinal changes could endanger nuclear deterrence keeping in view the undermining role of non-state actors in the region. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the “sky is falling” argument by discussing possible scenarios of nuclear escalation between both the nuclear states.