M.A. Jinnah: The Outside View by Dr M. Reza Kazimi (Book Reviews)

Keeping track with the growing literature on Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and his role in the modern Indian politics, may be an interesting and stimulating undertaking for the students of history. One thing is quite obvious that with the passage of time both in Pakistan and India—more so in the latter than in the former—the official historiography is being surpassed by historians aspiring to look into the partition afresh. The official historiographies in India and Pakistan had remained in vogue, in both countries, particularly during the initial two decades. This may be attributed to the momentum of respective Muslim and the Indian nationalist movements, which dominated the intellectual horizon in the two countries after independence. The postcolonial states in the two countries also relied heavily on their respective pre-partition nationalist assertions to construct their ideological edifices while aspiring to legitimize the state authorities. It was during the 1970s, that historians amassed courage to question some of the logical inconsistencies enwrapped in the official nationalist historical claims. With this there arose the urge to look into the historical roles of some of the most prominent political figures of pre-partition era. Thus while on the one hand Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, Ambedkar, etc, came under new searchlights, on the other, Jinnah’s role was revisited with fresh and objective outlook. The new versions were also subjected to questions and historians have since been involved in responding to points raised by each other.

Decision-Making Methods Based on M-Polar Fuzzy N-Soft Rough Sets

Most of the real-world problems ranging from engineering to medical or social fields involve uncertainty in data. Soft computing models, including m-polar fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, soft sets and rough sets are used to deal with uncertain and incomplete information. The objective of this thesis is to present certain novel hybrid models, namely, m-polar fuzzy N-soft rough sets, intuitionistic fuzzy N-soft sets and intuitionistic fuzzy N-soft rough sets, for modeling incomplete information in information systems. These models are obtained by the hybridization of N-soft sets with m-polar fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets and rough sets, which are more precise and flexible for modeling and processing of vague information. These models provide us information about the occurrence of ratings or grades and enable us to tackle multi-polar information. Certain novel concepts concerning these newly hybrid models are discussed. Four types of parameter reductions of bipolar fuzzy soft sets are presented. The significance of bipolar fuzzy sets is discussed, by analyzing relation systems and relation decision systems, specifically attribute reduction of bipolar fuzzy relation decision systems is presented. The proposed methods are applied to some real life decision making problems for representation of multi-attribute data, including multi-criteria selection of suitable place for tour. Efficient algorithms are developed to solve decision-making problems based on the proposed hybrid models.