Kamal Ahmad Rizvi as a Dramatist

Kamal Ahmed Rizvi (1930-2015) is among the very first people to give credence to Pakistan Television Urdu drama. He is one of the first rate and accomplished dramatists, director, actor, as well as a visualizer. In the world of drama he has a very versatile presence. He is also one of the first persons to affect the transition of the Urdu drama from stage to television, as such, he is an indelible name in the history of our art and theatre. Whenever Pakistan Television drama is mentioned, his name can never be omitted; or if its history is written, it shall be incomplete without reference to him. If Kamal Ahmad Rizvi is called an institution by himself, it shall not be wrong, because he is a creative writer, a translator, a director and a producer; and until now there has been no other individual with like qualities in the history of Pakistan Television, and this is his mark of distinction. ______

Evaluation of Biofertilizer for Chickpea-Maize Cropping System in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Different biotic and abiotic factors limit the plant productivity. Among them, water deficit is most common. It seriously affects the plant physiology, biochemistry and yield. In the southern Punjab region, due to unfavorable environmental conditions, there is severe shortage of water which hampering the crop yield. To ameliorate the effect of water deficit different approaches can be adopted. The most economical and simplest approach is the use of biofertilizer along with the organic sources in chickpea-maize cropping system. Cropping system is important for improving soil health and crop yield as well. A legume has the ability to fix nitrogen by symbiotic relationship with microbe. It helps to maintain soil fertility and organic matter. In chickpea-maize cropping system, chickpea increased the N nutrition of cereal crop can enhanced because the N transfers from the chickpea to the cereal. Chickpea is able to take much of its nitrogen requirement from the atmosphere by forming a symbiotic association with soil bacteria called rhizobium, and thus does not need much fertilizer. Maize is the third major cereal crop and chickpea is an important dietary protein for the rural poor people of the world likewise Pakistan, Combined cropping system of chickpea-maize show a considerable promise in better productivity and help to reverse the decline in soil fertility. Biofertilizer have the potential to mitigate the effect of water deficit stress on growth and yield of chickpea and maize in natural conditions of Southern Punjab through a number of direct and indirect mechanisms. Keeping in view the above said problem, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of biofertilizers for improving the productivity and profitability in chickpea-maize cropping system in southern Punjab. For this purpose already prepared biofertilizer (Rhizogold), Rock phosphate enriched compost and biogas slurry was taken. Rock phosphate enriched compost & biogas slurry were analyzed for various physicochemical properties in the laboratory. Biofertilizer were tested for bacterial population. A series of wire-house and field experiments were conducted for the evaluation of biofertilizer for chickpea-maize cropping system in South Punjab, Pakistan. The pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biofertilizer for improving growth, yield and quality of chickpea and maize crops following chickpea – maize cropping system. For the confirmation of results of pot trials, the field experiments were conducted following the chickpea-maize cropping system on permanent layout. Results of the pot trial showed that combined application of biofertilizer and biogas slurry gave significantly better results and improved grain yield up to 40 and 14% in chickpea and maize, respectively, as compared to control. While, in field trial I and II, the combined application of biofertilizer with biogas slurry showed maximum increase up to 39 and 32%, respectively, in grain yield of chickpea as compared to control. In both the field trials of maize, combined application of biofertilizer and biogas slurry showed maximum grain yield. The combined use of biofertilizer and biogas slurry also significantly improved the nitrogen concentration in soil and soil bacterial population after crop harvest. Biofertilizer also improved the profitability of the chickpea – maize cropping system as shown by the economic analyses of the results. So, it is concluded that use of biofertilizer can be effective in improving soil health and crop yield in chickpea-maize cropping system however its combined use with enriched compost and biogas slurry can be cost effective, economical and more efficient in improving the water and fertilizer use efficiency, microbial community and soil health in water stress area of South Punjab Pakistan.