Pandemic Impact on the Travels and Tourism Sector of Nepal

The travel and tours enterprise were badly affected due to pandemics. In the aftermath of high restrictions on human movement, travel-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted due to lockdown. Due to pandemic, highly impacted into earning-saving, lack of supportive working conditions, lower self-capacity, and lack of recovery budget and policies, the travel and tours-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted. The study reflected the impact of pandemics on travel and tours, major constraints, and a possible way forward to sustaining. The research explores what are the major existing practices of sustaining travel and tours entrepreneurs during pandemics, what factors can contribute to building bounce-back capacities of travel and tours entrepreneurs’ sustainability. Above forty-four, snowball-based sampling was done from major travel and tours entrepreneurs, Pokhara-Nepal. A structure-based open-ended questionnaire, key informant interviews, and in-person-based discussion were applied in the method of study. Used the content analysis along with a recap of the research question, undertake bracketing to identify biases, operationalize variables with develop a coding, and code the data with undertaking analysis while qualitative analysis, and multiple regression facilitated on quantitative analysis to finalize the discussion. The study reflects that self-saving, social support, state and financial institutions recovery support, social behavior and change communication, full vaccination practices, and self-accountable tourist behavior are highly expectable conditions to the sustainability of travel and torus entrepreneurship in the learning area. The study concludes that self-saving capacity can contribute to bounce-back capacity for every entrepreneur. Social support and socioeconomic recovery packages were also contributing to sustaining travel and tours in the study area. Self-saving condition and capacity is higher bounce back capacity compared to non-saved entrepreneurs in the study area. Social support, socioeconomic recovery practices, and recovery packages from state and financial institutions were not at the higher level as expected.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Various Metal Carboxylates Derived from N & S Containing Ligands

Three new series of ligands (derived from amino acids) have been synthesized from view point of their structural and biological studies. The first series belongs to amide derivatives of amino acids (A1-A9), second belongs to urea derivatives of amino acids (A10-A18) and the third one belongs to thiourea derivatives of amino acids (A19-A30). Tributyltin(IV) and bismuth(III) derivatives of these ligands have also been prepared in good yields by refluxing the respective ligand with bismuth(III) chloride or tributyltin(IV) chloride in presence of potassium hydroxide in appropriate stoichiometric ratios in dry methanol as solvent. The structure of the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, ICP-OES, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C, 119Sn) NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on these results, the synthesis of ligands have been confirmed and the data also suggested that these ligands appeared to coordinate the bismuth and tin centers through the oxygen of carboxylate moiety. The tributyltin(IV) derivatives mostly demonstrate tetrahedral geometry both in solid and solution state. Whereas octahedral geometry was proposed for bismuth(III) complexes both in solid and solution state based on single crystal X-ray analysis, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy respectively. Finally the biological activity tests such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, enzyme inhibition and lethality bioassays for majority of the synthesized ligands were carried out and found some encouraging results. All of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents against different strains of bacteria and fungi. Both of the tributyltin(IV) and bismuth(III) complexes have shown good to significant anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties and some of them were found to be more potent than standard drugs available in markeet. It was observed that tributyltin(IV) complexes have shown slightly better activities than bismuth(III) complexes. These results propose that these compounds may be utilized as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents in future in the wake of following the medication improvement methodologies. Anti-oxidant potential of these newly synthesized compounds was also evaluated and some of them exhibited significant anti-oxidant activity. viii These compounds were also examined for their α-glucosidase inhibition, urease inhibition and lipoxygenase inhibition activity and some of the compounds showed excellent results in inhibiting these enzymes, even more than the standard drugs. Some compounds from all the series were tested for anti-tubercular activity and show poor activity. They were also assayed for their brine shrimp lethality test and data suggests that the compounds show low toxicity. However the data pertaining to bioassay tests for all the synthesized compounds exhibiting some encouraging results and may be trialed further in drug discovering processes to find out the lead compounds by modifying/altering their structural motifs.