حیرت ہے، مے کدہ ہے کہ جنت خیال ہے
اک خوش نما سراب میں بھٹکا غزال ہے
دیکھے جو تجھ کو، دیکھ کے پھر ہوش میں رہے
باطل ہے اس کا دعویٰ، بڑا کج خیال ہے
قربت نے تیری بخش دیے فاصلے مزید
مجھ کو، مرے نصیب کو، سب کو ملال ہے
آنکھوں سے تم پکارو، ادھر وقت سے بھی تیز
میں دوڑتی نہ آئوں مری کیا مجال ہے
یاد اس کی ہے فضاؔ مری سانسوں میں دم بہ دم
رک جائے اک گھڑی بھی تو جینا محال ہے
This study evaluates the handling of corruption cases by the Prosecutor's Office, the Police and the Corruption Eradication Commission throughout 2022 and gives a fair grade (C) with a handling percentage of about 50% of the target of 2,772 cases. A comparative assessment of the last five years illustrates the dynamics of the handling of corruption cases. Quantitative charts highlight trends in enforcement, from the number of cases to potential losses to the state. Mapping corruption cases using the influence peddling mode involves identifying, analyzing, and summarizing patterns. Mapping steps include identification of cases, analysis of characteristics, creation of visual maps, integration of contextual factors, trend analysis, and recommendations. This mapping supports the understanding and formulation of strategies for dealing with corruption cases using the influence trading mode. In 2022, budget abuse dominates, followed by price gouging and fictitious activities. The high prevalence of these three methods indicates a lack of oversight in development and widespread corruption in the procurement of goods and services. Of the 579 cases, 43% involved the procurement of goods and services. Influence trading methods were also identified and used 19 times. The delegation of great authority to regional heads creates bargaining in the promotion and transfer of ASN. The case of buying and selling positions involving Regional Heads and ASN reflects the symbiosis between the two, with greed for power and ASN's desire to obtain immediate positions. The rise in this case is likened to an iceberg phenomenon, with the possibility that many cases have yet to be discovered.
The growth in web traffic has driven the rise in demand for information measure and high data rates. ‘Advance optical modulation formats’ are taken into account as a promising feature to satisfy the enhanced demand for information measure in broadband and other type of services. Lots of modulation formats have been proposed to increase the data rates but security implementation in optical communication system explicit to these modulation formats is still an open area to explore. In this thesis, the performance of some advance modulation formats as applicable to chaotic/secure optical communication is analyzed. The research work includes the generation of high bandwidth optical chaos through semiconductor lasers by controlling different parameters to get the optimum chaos. Initially, the basic chaotic communication system by synchronizing transmitted and received chaos is developed and tested for ordinary modulation schemes like RZ and NRZ to check validity of the scheme. Later, the long haul secure communication models based on Duobinary modulation and QAM format are designed and their performance is tested against various parameters. The Duobinary format is chosen due to its effective bandwidth utilization and robust performance against the intersymbol interference whereas QAM scheme is selected due to its better support against high data rates. In comparison to chaos produced by fiber lasers which are inherited by low bandwidth, semiconductor laser generated chaos is exploited for embedding the message. The performance of modulation schemes is studied for long distance communication models including non-linear and higher order effects. Various simulations experiments are conducted on latest versions of Optisystem 14.0 and MATLAB. This work can be vii considered as a first effort related to security implementation explicit to the advance modulation formats using optical chaos.