مولانا فضل الحسن حسرتؔ موہانی
شاید جہاں سے حسرتِ دیوانہ چل بسا
ہاں ہاں جب بھی تو چشمِ جنون اشکبار ہے
بالآخر کئی مہینہ کی موت و حیات کی کشمکش کے بعد ہمارے قافلہ آزادی کا پہلا حدی خوان اور میرکاروان بھی کوچ کرگیا اور گلستانِ تغزل کا بلبلِ نغمہ سنج ہمیشہ کے لیے خاموش ہوگیا، یعنی گذشتہ ۱۳؍ مئی کو سیدالاحرار مولانا فضل الحسن حسرت موہانی نے اس دارِ فانی کو الوداع کہا کلُّ مَنْ عَلَیھْاَ فَانٍ ویبقی وجہ رَبِّکَ ذوالجلال وَالاکرام۔[الرحمن:۲۶۔۲۷]
مولانا حسرت کی ذات ستودہ صفات مجموعہ اضداد و کمالات تھی، وہ ملک و وطن کے جانباز مجاہد اور شاعرِ رنگین نوا بھی، انقلابی سوشلسٹ بھی تھے اور صاحبِ و جدوحال صوفی بھی، بوریہ نشینِ فقرومسکنت بھی اور مسندنشینِ غروتمکنت بھی انہوں نے اس زمانہ میں انگریزوں کی مخالفت کی صدا بلند کی ، جب اسکی پاداش دارورسن تھی، اس زمانہ میں آزادی کا صور پھونکا جب کانگریس بھی اس نام سے گھبراتی تھی اور بڑے بڑے محبِ وطن آزادی کے کھلونوں میں الجھے ہوئے تھے، اور اس زمانہ میں قوم و ملک کے لیے قید و بند کی مصیبتیں جھیلیں جب جیل سیاسی تفریح گاہ نہیں بلکہ حقیقۃً قید محن تھے، انہوں نے اس راہ میں جو قربانیاں کیں اور جتنے مصائب اٹھائے اسکی مثال اس زمانہ کے کسی لیڈر کی زندگی میں مشکل ہی سے مل سکتی ہے اور موجودہ مدعیانِ آزادی کو توآزادی کا شعور و احساس بھی نہیں تھا، بلکہ حق یہ ہے کہ گاندھی جی بھی ایک عرصے تک اس راہ میں ان سے بہت پیچھے رہے، حسرت کایہ دعوی اولیت بالکل صحیح ہے۔
تو نے کی حسرت عیاں تہذیبِ رسمِ عاشقی
اس سے پہلے اعتبارِ شانِ رسوائی نہ تھا
وہ اخلاص و صداقت حق گوئی و حق پرستی اور جرات و بے باکی کے جس درجہ پر تھے،...
The theory of learning behaviorism observe the change of one's behavior as a result of past experience. This theory emphasizes that the behavior is a result of the interaction between the stimulus and the response. This theory does not recognize the presence of innate intelligence or derivatives, but rather recognizes that intelligence is influenced by environmental factors. This theory can be applied in learning that requires practice, habituation and repetition. Therefore, to introduce and understand about Asmaul Husna, the theory of behaviorism can be applied in the process of habituation. The recitation of Asmaul Husna is very much contained in its role. Among them to introduce and hang students about Asmaul Husna, so students will feel closer to God if they often apply Asmaul Husna readings and will always feel that everything we do is supervised by God. Like the example of one of the traits contained in Asmaul Husna. Based on the discussion, the problem raised is how to implement behaviorism theory to the habituation of Asmaul Husna reading.
Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in the world, occurring predominantly in develop- ing countries. Recently, there has been renewed concern about the presence and impact of child labor from politicians, activists and academics alike. Most of the popular discussion has centered on misleading statistics, harmful e ects of child labor and ways to curtail its incidence. Much of the recent theoretical literature has focused attention on the fact that the decision to send children to work is most likely made not by the children themselves, but by households who do so out of dire need. Poverty is considered to be the root cause of child labor. In fact, this is not true and literacy and household e ect are even bigger variables in the determination, and measurement of child labor in a society. This raises the issue of the impact of literacy and schooling on child labor and vice versa. Notwithstanding, a large and rapidly expanding literature on child labor, there is not much empirical evidence on this issue since much of this literature has concentrated on socially, anthropologically, or somewhat psychologically, analyzing the causes of child labor rather than studying its consequences, especially for the impact of learning and household. The present study seeks toll this signi cant gap in the literature on child labor. Broadly, the study can be divided into three parts; developing a reliable estimate to calculate number of children doing work, identifying important factors for child labour, and thirdly, developing a pro le of today''s child labourer. The exercise is conducted on a primary data set involving 5-14 years old children from Lahore & Bahawalpur divisions, Pakistan, using a multi-stage probability proportional strati ed systematic sampling scheme. Close ended questionnaire was specially developed keeping in view theeld and data processing requirements of the project. To avoid possible biases, proper interviewer''s training and practice sessions were conducted. Information was collected on family demographics, place of origin and current living status, personal information, current work history and conditions, personal behaviour, health, perceptions and knowledge and literacy level on a household basis from the house- hold head. The estimator is developed using Sampford (1967) extension to Brewer (1963) approach for calculating internal selection probabilities. The numerical strength of child labour in these two divisions turns out to be 3,440,411 chil- dren which happens to be 32% of total children living in these two divisions. Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out to develop its probability distribution which turns out a bi-modal distribution. This bi-modalness is probably because of di erent boys and girls labourers or due to di erent sizes of districts and tehsils included in the sample. This distribution is then used to develop con dence intervals associated with the total number of child labourers in these two divisions. E ect of household, literacy and poverty are quantitatively investigated and these turns out to be the biggest instrumental variables in the dynamics of child labour- ers. Speci c generalized Poisson regression models are developed for various situations to ascertain and gauge the veracity of associations and relationships between child labour dy- namics and its causes like household demography, household poverty and household literacy. It turns out that household demography, including its physical and familial structure, plays a statistically signi cant role in the dynamics of child labour. Household poverty, on the second hand, turns out to be promotive for child labour. While, increasing household literacy turns out to be negatively associated with the dissemination of child labour. Multivariate cluster analysis is also conducted to develop a household characteristics based segmentation in the child labour community which results in three clearly separated clusters of labouring kids; mechanics, chotta, and girls. A multiple discriminant analysis is also conducted to develop a household characteristics based yard stick to index households for their propensity towards child labour. It also helps in identifying the potential entrants in this labour. In the end, a pro le is developed for a typical child labourer on the basis of accumulated data envisaging di erent facets of his life. Such a pro le is useful in understanding the life and miseries of a child labourer and his household.