Importance of Evidence of DNA in Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence

DNA or Genetic fingerprinting technology is the topic of the day. It has revolutionized the forensic science. Islamic Jurisprudence has its own procedure and priorities of evidences, which mainly depend upon eyewitness, personal evidence and testimony. It was introduced in 1984. It is used in the identification of parentage, forensic sciences, treatment and diagnosis of diseases. The sequence of base pairs varies from person to person and the relativity of persons is identified by identifying the matching of base pairs. The Contemporary International Institutions of Collective Ijtih฀d have launched heavy discussions on this new evidence and reviewed relevant serious law making efforts based on it, which results in very valuable Fat฀w฀ and resolutions, regarding the use of DNA techniques, as evidence in criminal cases and its limitations and scope in Islamic Jurisprudence. This article discusses and concludes that the genetic fingerprinting technique should be used for the attestation of the cases related to it, along with the traditional way to acquire evidences, even though, it does not have self-sustaining priority, but depends upon other evidences for making a judicial verdict. Like other forensic evidences, it has also errors and intervening factors that limit its accuracy. Therefore, the decisions of crimes liable to ฀ud฀d, Qi฀฀฀ and Diyyat should not depend only upon DNA fingerprinting. Thus, we can say that in the absence of stipulated evidences, rebuking punishment may be sentenced on the basis the evidence of DNA.

Carbide Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composite Coatings by Carburizing of Electrodeposited Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys

The main objectives of this Ph.D. research work are the development of enhanced metal matrix nanocomposite coatings by employing a new technique through gas carburizing of electrodeposited nanocrystalline and amorphous alloy precursors. The carburizing environment was created by introducing a flowing mixture of vaporized 95.5% alcohol (0.25 ml/min, liquid) and argon (0.5 L/min, gas) into the carburizing furnace. Six different alloy coatings namely Ni-W, Co-W, Co-Ni-W, Fe-W and Fe-Ni-W with tailored microstructure obtained by controlling the process parameters like current density, pH and temperature were synthesized. The in-situ carbide formation of binary and/or ternary carbides has been obtained in the bcc/fcc matrices. In Ni-WC composite coatings, WC is formed in the FCC Ni matrix. The size of the carbide particles ranges between 100 and 500 nm. TEM study has revealed the presence of carbide phase in the form of very small precipitates inside the Ni grains, the size of such precipitates is between 10 and 40 nm. The Co-W and Fe-W electrodeposited alloy coatings are not much compact at high deposition current densities, incorporation of Ni increased the adhesion and compactness of the coatings. The carbides of Co-Ni-W composite were needle like that at less carburizing time were at the top surface , while these were present at the depth also with increase in carburizing time as revealed by the section SEM images. Dendritic structure of carbides of Fe3W3C and WC were observed in Fe-W-C carbide composite coatings with the through thickness carbide formation. The hardness of the composite coatings was found to increase with the tungsten content and the carburizing temperature. The maximum hardness of about 1200 KHN is achieved for Fe-Ni-W composite coatings. Supersaturated nature of electrodeposited amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, in addition to high diffusivity, have been attributed for the formation of carbide phases uniformly distributed in the matrix at a temperature range of 700–850°C. The new technique adopted for the fabrication of metal-matrix composite coatings is based on the idea of being cost effective and the attainment of finer microstructure of the alloy coatings and carbides through electrodeposition and low temperature gas carburizing processes.