سید احمد حسین امجدؔ حیدرآبادی
افسوس ہے کہ حکیم الشعراء سید احمد حسین امجد حیدرآبادی نے بھی اس جہاں فانی کو الوداع کہا، ان کی وفات محض دنیائے شاعری کا نہیں بلکہ دنیائے دل کا حادثہ ہے، وہ تنہا شاعر ہی نہیں اس سے زیادہ حکیم و عارف اور صاحب دل صوفی تھے، اردو کے نامور شاعروں سے آج بھی ہندوستان خالی نہیں، مگر امجد اپنے رنگ میں یگانہ تھے، ان کے کلام میں طور کی تجلی اور وادی یمن کے شراروں کا عکس ہے، خصوصاً رباعی گوئی میں اس زمانہ میں ان کا جواب نہ تھا، ان کی رباعیات حکمت و بصیرت کا دفتر ہیں، وہ صحیح معنوں میں اس دور کے سرمد اور ابوسعید ابو الخیر تھے، ان کی ذات بظاہر عارفانہ شاعری کا خاتمہ نظر آتا ہے۔
انھوں نے فطرۃً بھی حکیمانہ نظر اور درد آشنا دل پایا تھا، اور ان کو حوادث بھی ایسے پیش آئے جنھوں نے ان کو سراپا سوز اور حقیقت نگر بنادیا، وہ نثر بھی سادہ سلیس، بے تکلف، اور مؤثر و دلنشین لکھتے تھے، چھوٹے چھوٹے سادہ بلیغ فقروں میں بڑی حکیمانہ اور سبق آموز باتیں کہہ جاتے تھے، ان کی نظم و نثر کی تصانیف کی تعداد ایک درجن سے زیادہ ہوگی، دارالمصنفین سے ان کے دیرینہ تعلقات تھے، حضرت سید صاحب رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ ان کے اور ان کے کلام کے بڑے قدر دان تھے، حکیم الشعراء کا لقب ان کو انہی نے دیا تھا، ایک مرتبہ امجد مرحوم دارالمصنفین بھی آئے تھے، ان کی سادہ مگر پر تاثیر شخصیت اب تک نگاہ میں ہے ایک زمانہ میں ان کا کلام معارف میں بکثرت چھپتا تھا، مگر ادھر عرصہ سے ان چیزوں سے اس قدر مستغنی اور بے نیاز ہوگئے تھے کہ اپنا کلام رسالوں میں بھیجنا چھوڑ دیا تھا، افسوس ہے کہ شاخِ طوبیٰ کا...
This paper attempts to discuss Aristotle’s concept of justice as an ethical solution to political corruption. The goal of this paper is to present corruption as a form of injustice that deprives the majority from a common good. This paper is very important because it provides ethical solution to grand corruption whereby unscrupulous individuals divert funds meant for development of the entire society into private hands. Due to grand corruption the poor masses are deprived of quality basic needs. The paper focuses on corruption as an immoral act through the lens of Aristotle’s ethical and political insights. The virtue of justice in Aristotle’s ethical and political works are spelled out. The methodology used in this paper is analytical and applied. It is analytical because it analyses Aristotle’s understanding of virtue of justice in his moral theory especially in his book entitled Nicomachean Ethics and justice in his political theory. Finally, the paper makes subsequent applications of Aristotle’s virtue of justice in the realm of ethical solutions to the problem of corruption.
Coal has been using as a major source of energy all over the world formany centuries. In Pakistan, with an average estimation, coal reserves of about 185 billion tons has been reported and stands 7th in ranking based on the lignite coal resources which is being utilized for commercial as well as domestic usage. In the present study, 417 coal mines located in the Eastern Salt Range of Pakistan were visited, out of which only 64 mines were active. It was found that most of the mines in study area were abandoned due to poor quality of coal seam and failures due to stresses, seepage and poor support system. Despite living in the 21st century, obsolete methods for roof supports are being employed in the coal mines which is an alarming situation. In order to eliminate the above-mentioned issues so that maximum production can be achieved while considering the safety measures as well, a methodology was proposed in this research.Four classification systems, namely Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Q-system, Laubscher’s Geomechanics Classification (MRMR) and Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR), were employed to characterize the rock masses, estimation of support system and support pressures. The data required for empirical studies was collected through geological and engineering geological mapping, discontinuity surveys and testing of samples of rock and timber in laboratory and in the fieldas well. The main rock units in the study area were limestone, sandstone, claystone, shale, carbonaceous shale and coal. According to the results of classification systems, it is evaluated that the rock units lay in different classes i.e. limestone is very good to poor, sandstone and claystone are good to very poor, shale and carbonaceous shale are fair to extremely poor, and coal is fair to very poor. The regression analyses of scattered data were conducted in order to establish relations among the classification systems. The results obtained were quite similar to the previous researches. RMR and CMRR classification systemsrecommended the installation of bolts and shotcrete,MRMR proposed the usage of timbering for strong lithologies while Q-system ended up with unsupported reinforcement category but usage of bolts isalways emphasized upon, in order to increase the factor of safety and avoid any fatal incident.