مولانا ضیاء الدین احمد بدایونی
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ جولائی میں ایک ممتاز علمی شخصیت مولانا ضیاء احمد بدایونی سابق صدر شعبہ فارسی مسلم یونیورسٹی نے وفات پائی ، مرحوم فارسی زبان کے فاضل اور مسلم الثبوت استاد تھے، انہوں نے فارسی کی درسیات پرانے طرز پر پڑھی تھیں اور عربی سے بھی واقف تھے، اس لیے فارسی زبان و ادب پر ان کی نظر ماہرانہ تھی، ان کا ذوق بڑا متنوع تھا، مذہبیات اور تاریخ اسلام سے بھی ان کو دلچسپی تھی، اور ان سب پر ان کے مضامین اور تصانیف موجود ہیں، ان میں سب سے اہم دیوان مومن کی شرح اور اس کا فاضلانہ مقدمہ ہے اور یہ کہنا صحیح ہوگا کہ جس طرح سب سے پہلے ڈاکٹر عبدالرحمن بجنوری نے کلامِ غالب کی اہمیت نمایاں کی تھی، اسی طرح مولانا ضیاء احمد نے مومنؔ کے کلام کی اہمیت واضح کی، وہ عملاًنہ صرف دیندار بلکہ خوش عقیدہ مسلمان تھے، جس کا اثر ان کی تمام مذہبی تحریروں میں ہے، اس زمانہ میں جب کہ فارسی کا ذوق گھٹتا جا رہا ہے مرحوم کی جگہ مشکل سے پُر ہوسکے گی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۳ء)
Despite his being a staunch Mutazali, Allama Zamakhshari declares the Holy Quran to be a miracle on account of its unique coherence and cohesion. For the first time in the history of Quranic exegesis, he made a subject of the mutual juxtaposition of Quranic words, sentences, verses and surahs such discussions on the Quranic cohesion as are related to literary and communicative aspects such as metaphor, simile, allusion and syntax. Similarly, he demonstrated the Quranic cohesiveness by beautifully applying the roles and regulations of rhetoric on the verses of the Holy Quran. Such forms of coherence and cohesion did he adopt as can be declared as the fundamentals of the idea of the Quranic cohesion. In this regard, this article is the first such comprehensive study of the Tafseer e Kashaf.
Seed has matchless position among various agricultural inputs as the efficiency of all other inputs mainly depends on the production prospective of seed. The sustainability of any crop depends upon seed quality. Wheat being the staple food, occupies a significant position in agriculture of Pakistan. Wheat growers deserve special attention in terms of their training in quality seed production because seed is the most important farm input. As most of the farmers of the country are illiterate and have limited access to quality wheat seed. Specific needs are to be identified before any kind of training is given to the farmers in terms of quality seed production. For this purpose, the present study was conducted in district Narowal of the Punjab province. A multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of study sample. For this purpose one markaz from each of the three tehsils was selected at random. From each markaz, 3 union councils were selected randomly and 2 villages from each selected union council were chosen at random. Twenty respondents (wheat growers) from each village were selected randomly, thus making a sample size of 360 respondents. The data were collected through a reliable and validated interview schedule and was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).Analysis of the data show that majority of the respondents belonged to middle aged category, was illiterate and operating land holding of 5-10 acres of land. A large majority of the farmers were owner cultivators and was not dependent on agriculture only as their source of income. A large majority of the respondents had no knowledge about the class of seed they used for seed production as well as had no idea whether or not they had used the approved variety for seed production. An overwhelming majority of the respondents had no knowledge about seed germination percentage and about good and contamination free seed. A large majority of the respondents did not use quality seed for wheat seed production and used their own seed source for seed. A vast majority of the respondents had very low level of knowledge with respect to seed germination line spacing, seed depth, isolation distance and seed grading. Similarly more or less than half of the respondents had very low level with respect to purity of seed, seed treatment, roughing, insect/pests control and use of farm machinery.The practices such as; source of quality seed, purity of seed, insect/pest control, seed germination, line spacing, seed depth, isolation distance, seed grading, roughing, use of farm machinery, harvesting and threshing of seed crop needed medium to high level of training, while seedbed preparation, selection of land, seed rate, sowing method, weed management and storage of seed required low to medium level of training. The fertilizer application required medium to high level of training and irrigation for seed crop required low to medium level of training. The chi-square values show a highly significant assosiation between age, education, size of land holding, area under wheat crop and use of approved variety for seed production. The gamma value shows a negative trend with regard to age while, the Gamma value with respect to education, size of land holding, area under wheat crop show a positive trend. The Chi- square values for association between independent variable (age, education, size of land holding, area under wheat cultivation, existing knowledge regarding quality wheat seed production, existing knowledge about fertilizer application and existing knowledge about application of irrigation) and dependent variable (training needs for quality seed production) show a highly significant relationship. The Gamma values (-ve) of education, size of land holding, area under wheat cultivation, existing knowledge regarding quality wheat seed production, existing knowledge about fertilizer application and existing knowledge about application of irrigation water show that the relationship was inversely proportional,while the Gamma value (+ve) of age show that the relationship was directly proportional.