How Islam and Democracy are Reconcilable?

The paper discusses in detail different ways how Islamand democracy can be reconciled and highlights the importance of democratic values for Muslim dominated societies, which is the need of modern times. It also discusses how Islam which stands for global peace and security and bound Muslims to be more responsible regarding the implementation of justice, peace and to stand for the fundamental humanitarian values which go in parallel with the concept of democratic principles. The paper also converses, the scenario in which the beautiful religion for entire humanity has been attempted to be hijacked by a radical mindset whichprevailed in every civilization ever existed.

Detection, Molecular Analysis and Expressional Studies of Local Vi Negative Strains of Salmonella Typhi

Typhoid is one of the most common infectious diseases in the developing countries especially in South Asian region including Pakistan. It is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, an exclusively human pathogen. The virulence of S. Typhi is attributed to the Vi capsular antigen. The synthesis and transportation proteins of the Vi capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi are encoded by the viaB operon, which resides on a 134-kb pathogenicity island known as SPI-7. In recent years, Vi-negative strains of S. Typhi have been reported in regions where typhoid fever is endemic. However, because Vi negativity can arise during in vitro passage, the clinical significance of Vi-negative S.Typhi is not clear. To investigate the loss of Vi expression at the genetic level, 60 stored strains of serovar Typhi from the Faisalabad region of Pakistan were analyzed by PCR for the presence of SPI-7 and two genes essential for Vi production: tviA and tviB. Nine of the sixty strains analyzed (15%) tested negative for both tviA and tviB; only two of these strains lacked SPI-7. In order to investigate whether this phenomenon occurred in vivo, blood samples from patients with the clinical symptoms of typhoid fever were also investigated. Of 48 blood samples tested, 42 tested positive by fliC PCR for serovar Typhi; 4 of these were negative for tviA and tviB. Three of these samples tested positive for SPI-7. These results demonstrate that viaB-negative, SPI-7-positive S. Typhi is naturally occurring and can be detected by PCR in the peripheral blood of typhoid patients in this region. The method described here can be used to monitor the incidence of Vi-negative serovar Typhi in regions where the Vi vaccine is used. The infectivity of Vi negative and Vi positive strains was tested using HeLa cell monolayers and compared the disease producing potential of the variant strains of S. Typhi. No difference was observed in ability of Vi negative and Vi positive strains to invade HeLa cell monolayer. Drug resistance pattern of Vi positive and Vi negative strains of S. Typhi was compared and no significant difference in the resistance against antibiotics of both variants of the pathogen was observed indicating that Vi negative S. Typhi strains are at par with their Vi positive counterparts as far as resistance to antimicrobials is concerned.