Islamization under General Zia Al-Haq (1977-1988) : An Analysis

As a result of the political crisis in Pakistan, the Martial Law regime of General Zia Al-Haq came into power on July 5, 1977. The process of Islamization was given a new boost during the period of Zia Al-Haq 1977- 1988. He launched a comprehensive scheme to eradicate non-Islamic practices in Pakistani state and society. His Islamization program contemplated significant reforms in the legal-constitutional, socioeconomic and educational institutions of Pakistan. The principles of Zakāt -‘Ushr ordinance, Islamic Ḥudūd and Penal code were introduced in the country. To Islamizing the economy Ribā abandoning and Profit and Loss sharing accounts in banks were initiated. Besides, he renamed parliament as Majlis Al-Shūrā; the Federal Sharī‘at Court, Sharī‘at Appellate Benches and Sharī‘ah Council were established in the country. Under the umbrella of Nizām-e-Muṣṭafā, social reforms were introduced, through the stressing of sanctity of the Holy month of Ramaḍān, enforcement of the bans on gambling and encouragement of chadar for women. Un-Islamic programs were banned on television and radio and news in Arabic was made compulsory. The stated objectives of President Zia’s Islamization policies were to lead Pakistan in the direction of truly Islamic state. However, the critics of his polices considered it a tool for legitimizing and enhancing his political powers in the country.

Charged Isotropic and Anisotropic Fluid Gravitational Collapse

Thisthesisisidevotedtothestudyofchargedisotropicandanisotropicfluidgravitational collapse in the frame work of General Theory of Relativity. We have investigated the dynamical features of the charged viscous cylindrical source using the Misner’s approach. The Einstein-Maxwell field equations and conservation equations have been formulated for the assumed matter and geometry. Using the Darmois criteria, we have investigated the matching conditions for the smooth matchingoftheinteriorregionofcylindricalsourcewithVaidyalikeexteriorsolution. Toseeeffectsofcharge,heatfluxandviscosityonthedynamicsofgravitational collapse, the dynamical equations of the charged gravitating cylindrical source have been coupled with transportation equations. Also, we have discussed the thermalevaluationofcollapsingchargedcompactobject. Theequationsofmotion as well as junction conditions have been formulated for the spherical gravitating source. The perturbation scheme of first order is then applied to field equations, conservations equations and truncated version of the heat transport equation. The resulting system of equations provide the collapse equation and temperature profile of the gravitating system. We have explored the anisotropic fluid collapse enclosed by the cylindrical and plane symmetric spacetimes. We have presented theiparametric form of twoimetricifunctions in term ofia single metric function, which helps to determine the expansion and collapse of the gravitating sources.