E-COMMERCE AND CYBER VULNERABILITIES IN BANGLADESH: A POLICY PAPER

E-commerce is one way among many that people buy and sell things in retail. Some companies sell products online only, but for many, e-commerce is a distribution channel that’s part of a broader strategy that includes physical stores and other revenue streams. Either way, e-commerce allows startups, small businesses, and large companies to sell their products at scale and reach customers worldwide. The growing scenario of E-commerce shapes a new dynamism in Business and offers no time-bound, cost-efficient, and hassle-free buy and sell. Following changing approach, security management in e-commerce (cyber security) is now the focus. People in Bangladesh are mostly unaware of the risks of using computing and digital devices and online platforms. This article articulated the risk factors associated with the growing reliance on digital technologies and devices. Then, some policy guidelines are prescribed for the national level and individual level, including leading social campaigns, new chapters in the school curriculum, advancing technological aptitudes of law enforcers, strengthening security systems in e-commerce, embanking sites, bringing frauds to justice, initiating law to define cybercrimes, fortifying institutional management of cyber securities

Evaluation and Enhancement of Mac Protocols for Efficient Spectrum Management and Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitiveradionetworks(CRNs)havegainedatremendousinterestintheresearch community, as they tend to solve the existing and future issues of frequency spectrum scarcity by exploiting the spectrum holes in underutilized licensed and unlicensed frequency bands, thereby, improving the spectrum utilization. The number of channels in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) always varies with time and location as compared to legacy wireless networks with fixed number of radio channels. This variability of available channels in cognitive radio networks has brought new design challenges in MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocolsandhasledtotheneedformostefficientand reliable MAC protocols in a CRN that can sustain under variable network conditions. Thesharingofdiscoveredspectrumholesamongthecontendingsecondaryusers(SUs) increases the overall spectrum utilization; however, the utilization of these discovered spectrum holes within the CRN depends on the access mechanism of SUs. In random access, waste of these spectrum holes would occur due to collisions and un-attempted slots by SUs. Therefore, optimal use of these discovered holes with minimum or no waste is desirable in an efficient CRN. A self- organizing collision-free MAC protocol isproposedforthedistributedCRNthatismoreefficientinspectrumsharingbyavoiding collisions and maximally utilizing un-attempted slots during access phase, thus increasing the spectrum utilization and throughput. This is achieved by organizing and queuing the active SUs through a timer value and directing them in an orderly fashion to use the discovered holes. Finding holes from the underutilized portion of spectrum at varying times and locations is the most important function in CRNs. This requires efficient sensing policy at the MAC layer that can discover more idle channels in minimal time. Spectrum sensing policies for searching idle channels from the underutilized primary band can significantly affect the performance of SUs in terms of throughput, reliability and en ergy efficiency. The sensing policy depends on the channel sensing order that decides how SUs sense the primary user band in minimal period of time. A cooperative parallel sensing scheme with sequential channel selection order is proposed as part of the MAC protocol, which can discover all the free channels in the primary user band in minimal time. The proposed scheme has been analyzed for the number of channels sensedandthenumberofidlechannelsdiscovered. Furthermore,energyefficiencyand throughput of the proposed scheme have also been evaluated. The results show considerable improvement for the proposed scheme as compared to the random channel spectrum sensing schemes prevalent in adhoc CRNs. The work in this thesis has aimed to improve spectrum management by adopting new spectrum sensing policies and improvingspectrumsharingbyself-organizingthecognitiveusersforcollisionfreeaccess in adhoc CRN MAC protocols.