اردو افسانہ(قیام پاکستان سے پہلے )
مختصر افسانے کا آغاز امریکہ میں ہوا مغرب میں جدید افسانے کا بانی ’’ایڈگرایلن پو ‘‘کو مانا جاتا ہے۔ اردو ادب میں افسانہ کی ابتداء بیسویں صدی کی پہلی دہائی میں ہوئی مگر اردو کے اولین افسانہ نگار کا تعین کرنا ایک مشکل اور اختلافی کام ہے۔ مختلف ناقدین اور محققین اردو کے اولین افسانہ نگاروں کے طور پر پریم چند ، سجاد حیدر یلدرم اور راشد الخیری کا نام لیتے ہیں۔محمد اشرف اردو کا پہلاافسانہ نگار پریم چند کو قرار دیتے ہیں جبکہ بعض محققین علامہ راشد الخیری کو اردو کا پہلا افسانہ نگار قرار دیتے ہیں۔اردو میں مختصر افسانے کا آغاز پریم چند کے ہا تھوں ہوا اور یہی اس کے میر کارواں کہلائے۔ ڈاکٹر فرمان فتح پوری کے مطابق اردو کے پہلے افسانہ نگار پریم چند نہیں بلکہ سجاد حیدر یلدرم تھے۔ان کے مطابق اردو کا پہلا افسانہ پریم چند کا’’ انمول رتن ‘‘ نہیں بلکہ یلدرم کا’’نشہ کی پہلی ترنگ ہے۔‘‘ جبکہ ڈاکٹر صغیر افراہیم اس نظریے کی تردید کر تے ہوئے کہتے ہیں:
’’سجاد حید ر یلدرم کے افسانے’’ مجھے میرے دوستوں سے بچاؤ‘‘ اور ’’نشہ کی پہلی ترنگ ‘‘ ان کے طبع زاد افسانے نہیں بلکہ ترکی اور انگریزی افسانوں کے تراجم ہیں۔‘‘(9)
اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ پریم چند اور سجاد حیدر یلدرم اردو افسانے کے دو اہم ستون ہیں۔ پریم چند نے افسانے میں حقیقت نگاری کو فروغ دیا۔ اردو افسانہ میں سب سے اہم روایت حقیقت نگاری کی ہے اوریہ روایت پریم چند اور ان کے معاصرین کے ہاں ہی ملتی ہے۔جب پریم چند کی حقیقت نگاری کو فروغ ملا تواس دور میں رومانوی تحریک کا بھی آغاز ہوا۔ رومانوی تحریک کے بانی سجاد حیدر یلدرم ہیں۔ یلدرم نے اردو افسانے میں رومانویت کو فروغ دیا۔اس کے علاوہ مجنوں گورکھ...
Youth is an integral part of any human society, particularly in an Islamic society. Youth is considered as a junction of past, present and future. Youth can play a positive and effective role against various evils which are prevalent in human society. Important aspects of utilization of youth may include the role of youth in religious, social, political, ethical and educational fields and in restructuring of society. All of these aspects have been discussed in this article, in the light of Islam. Moreover, it is an effort to motivate the youth for practical actions. For the well-being and progress of Muslim Youth and human society adoption of following measures are important and necessary: 1. To gain knowledge of the Revealed message (Shariah) and act upon it. 2. To gain knowledge from true and sincere Scholars (Ahl-eHaqq). 3. Self-accountability, which consists of following points: § Islah of Aqeedah and ideology § To perform good deeds (Amal-e-Salih) § Sincere repentance § Consciousness about purpose of life § Feeling gratified on adopting Islamic Shariah. 4. To have love or hatred only for sake of Allah.
This dissertation consists of four essays measuring impact of microfinance. For the first three essays growth in microfinance is measured, with respect to five dimensions i.e. Number of active borrowers, Gross Loan Portfolio, Total Assets, Personnel and Equity. To investigate impact of growth in microfinance, microfinance index is developed by using principle component analysis and then panel regression models i.e. fixed effect and random effect models are applied. Whereas for the fourth essay stock prices of microfinance institutions are used in the analysis. In the first essay moderating role of political stability in the relationship between microfinance and financial stability is investigated. To unfold the relationship data of thirty eight countries from 1999 to 2012 is analyzed in the essay. This essay concludes that with growth in microfinance and political stability financial stability escalates but the effect of growth in microfinance on financial stability may not be same for politically stable and unstable countries. Although growth in microfinance will increase financial stability in both politically stable and unstable countries but its role is more prominent and effective in politically unstable countries. In the second essay role of entrepreneurial thrust in the relationship between growth in microfinance and growth of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is investigated. A panel of 15 countries from 2004 to 2013 is investigated in this analysis. The study documented that in isolation microfinance may not increase growth of MSMEs but if a borrower possess entrepreneurial thrust then growth in MSMEs is evident. For the third essay three relevant millennium development goals i.e. (Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger, Improve maternal health & promote gender equality and empower ix women) are chosen to examine the impact of microfinance on millennium development goals in the presence of political stability as a moderating variable. Data of 32 countries from 2000 to 2012 is analyzed for checking impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation, whereas data of 41 countries from 2000 to 2012 is analyzed to investigate impact of microfinance on women empowerment and maternal health. The research concluded a positive role of microfinance in poverty alleviation and improving maternal health whereas a partial impact on education aspect of women empowerment is detected. In the fourth essay diversification benefits of including a microfinance stocks in a portfolio is analyzed. Prices of seven micro-finance stocks and stock indices of respective countries from five countries are taken from Thomson One banker database. Mean variance spanning test is applied to investigate the relationship. Although lesser or sometimes negative correlation between micro-finance stocks and international portfolio is spotted but no diversification benefits are identified by inclusion of micro-finance stocks in the portfolio.