خواجہ غلام السیدین
افسوس ہے کہ خواجہ غلام السیدین بھی دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ان کی موت علمی دنیا کا اندوہناک حادثہ ہے، وہ علی گڑھ کی بہترین پیداوار اور اس کا مثالی نمونہ تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ نے ان میں علم و فضل، فکر و نظر، تقریر و تحریر، تالیف و تصنیف بہت سے کمالات جمع کردیئے تھے، اردو اور انگریزی دونوں زبانوں میں ان کو بڑی قدرت تھی، تعلیم کے ماہر خصوصی تھے، ان کے خیالات میں گہرائی کے ساتھ بڑا اعتدال و توازن تھا اور وہ مغربی تعلیم اور مشرقی تہذیب کا سنگم تھے، وہ نئے دور کی پیداوار تھے اور جدید علوم و افکار میں مہارت کے ساتھ راسخ العقیدہ مسلمان بھی تھے، ان کے دل میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا درد تھا، اگرچہ بعض مسائل میں وہ جدید خیالات سے متاثر تھے، لیکن اسلام کی ترجمانی کا پورا حق ادا کرتے تھے، انھوں نے قلم و زبان دونوں سے مذہب و ملت کی خدمت انجام دی، ان کو ہندوستان اور اس کے باہر بڑے بڑے علمی اعزاز حاصل ہوئے اور مختلف علمی، تعلیمی، مذہبی اور ادبی موضوعات پر انگریزی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں میں تصنیفی یادگار چھوڑیں، ان کی تصانیف بڑی فکر انگیز ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت اور دنیا کی طرح آخرت کی سربلندی سے بھی سرفراز فرمائے، یوں تو آئے دن موتیں ہوتی رہتی ہیں، مگر جب کوئی معاصر اور ہم عمر اٹھتا ہے تو اپنا وقت بھی قریب نظر آتا ہے۔
بہت آگے گئے باقی جو ہیں تیار بیٹھے ہیں
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)
This article deals with the polemics of Ibn Warraq about the history of the text of Qur’an with reference the codex of Abdullah bin Mas’ud. Ibn Warraq considers the codex of Ibn Mas’ud as milestone in the history of Qur’anic text. Ibn Warraq is of the view that its order of Sura is different from Mushaf Uthmani and a lot of variant reading have been attributed to him so the history of Qur’anic text and the text itself should be rearranged in the light of codex of Ibn Masud. In this paper these views being examined in the light of authentic sources.
The purpose of the research presented in this dissertation was to determine the physiological responses of crop plants against biocontrol agents (endophytes) in saline environment. In view of substantial reduction in agriculture throughout the world, it is highly important to analyze the effects and mechanisms of salinity related consequences and their remediation in economically important food crops. Based on preliminary study, physiological responses of crop plants using selected endophytes like Trichoderma harzianum (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces variotii (Pv- 14) in saline environment were examined. Trichoderma and Paecilomyces are endophytic fungi that established symbiotic and mutualistic relationship with host plant and supposed to induce salt tolerance. For this purpose, Trichoderma harzianum (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces variotii (Pv- 14) salt tolerant strains were cultured and coated in maize (Zea mays L.) var.NT6621 and rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Kernel seeds before germination. Later, germinated seeds were allowed to grow at 30±5°C to 22±3°C temperature and 60-70% (RH) relative humidity. Two sets of the experiments were conducted at the same time 1) Plants with endophytes 2) Plants without endophytes. Twenty one day old seedlings of the both the sets of plants were exposed to NaCl concentrations i.e 50, 100 and 150 mM and their physiological responses were examined. Application of endophytes like Trichoderma (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces (Pv- 14) caused substantial enhancement in growth, biomass accumulation, physiological and biochemical traits of plants as compared to those which were not inoculated with endophytes subjected to saline environment. Plants treated with Trichoderma harzianum (Th- 6) and Paecilomyces variotii (Pv- 14) showed higher relative water content (RWC), dark adapted quantum yield (Fv/Fm ratio), performance index (PIABS), photochemical quenching (qP), stomatal conductance (gs) and pigments concentrations as compared to those plants which were treated with salinity without endophytes. In salinity, plants having endophytes triggered considerable increase in antioxidant enzymes actitvities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). Similarly, antioxidant compounds like free proline, total phenols and carotenoids contents were also increased in endophytes treated plants as compared to untreated plants (without endophytes) under saline environment. It was osberved that MDA and H2O2 contents were decreased due to better antioxidant performance in Th- 6 and Pv-14 treated plants sustaining appropriate osmotic potential under saline environment. In comparsion, it was evident from the study, Trichoderma harzianum strain (Th- 6) induced more tolerance increasing growth, improved photosynthetic and antioxidants performance in plants against salinity as compared to Paecilomyces variotii strain (Pv- 14). Maize plants have shown greater potential to establish symbiotic relationship with endophytes, demonstrating better physiological and antioxidant responses as compared to rice against salinity.