شبہ بچھڑنے کا ہونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
نہیں ہے خواب کوئی بھی تھکن سے لپٹا ہوا
وہ ایک زخم مرے شوق کی نشانی تھا
نہیں یہ کم تو نہیں ہے کہ مدتوں مجھ کو
یہ میرے اشک بجھا دیں گے آگ اندر کی
ستم کِیا ہے کہ رونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
میں کہہ رہا ہوں کہ سونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
وہ ایک زخم جو دھونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
ہجومِ وقت میں کھونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
اُسے پتہ تھا جو رونے نہیں دیا اُس نے
Education has been considered of primary importance in human life. Religion and education are interrelated. A civilized society requires educational revolution in behavior of human beings. Education creates awareness about the human goals and real aim of life. This activity makes it possible to train the people in the right direction. Better education coupled with proper training makes a human being well-mannered and enables him to use his hidden qualities for the benefit of mankind, thus making him a beneficial not only for himself but also for the society. The preaching of religion depends upon the education and training. Our holy Prophet ﷺ was an ideal educationist not only of his time but also for the future generations. The Holy Prophet ﷺ being a great educationist and reformer initiated the University of Suffa in Medina when the Islamic society was in its infancy. Prophet ﷺ described the conditions, pattern and qualities of a teacher. A good teacher must be interpreted as good practitioner as well. The article deals with the moral qualities of a teacher and educationist in the light of teachings of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The discussion has made clear the aim of Islamic education which is not limited within the domain of worship or prayers. Islam is a complete code of life which emphasizes the training of human being through education.
Currently limited information/knowledge is available about the occurrence, sources and distribution of flame retardants (FRs) in the potable water, air and dust as well as their associated health risk to the exposed human population. This is the first study designed to probe selected flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor and outdoor air and dust as well as potable water samples at different altitudinal zones (industrial, rural and background) of Pakistan with special emphasis upon their occurrence, distribution and associated health risk diagnosis. Therefore, the selected FRs viz., Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), Dechlorane plus (DP), Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs)) in a total of 38 air (indoor and outdoor), 82 dust (indoor and outdoor) and 39 potable water samples were collected from different altitudinal zones. The targeted FRs were analyzed by Gas chromatograph Agilent 7890A coupled to mass spectrometer (5973C MSD) in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) and GC/MS-MS Agilent 7000A triple Quad operating in Selective ion mode (SIM). Results for the targeted FRs in the air (indoor and outdoor) samples collected from different altitudinal zones showed the trends as: ΣNBFRs > ΣPBDEs > ΣDP, While for the dust (indoor and outdoor) samples were ranked: ΣOPFRs > ΣNBFRs > ΣPBDEs > ΣDP. Significant correlation among FRs in the indoor and outdoor air at different altitudinal zones suggested similar source origin of FRs used in different consumer goods. Significant correlation in the FRs levels between the indoor and outdoor dust suggested the potential intermixing of these compounds between different environmental matrices. Similarly, Principal component analysis (PCA)/Multiple linear regression (MLR) predicted the percent contribution of FRs from different consumer products in the indoor and outdoor dust of industrial, rural and background zones to trace their source origin. Furthermore, air mass trajectories for air samples revealed that movement of air over industrial area sources influenced concentrations of FRs at rural sites. While, for dust samples, the forward and backward air mass trajectories showed that the FRs detected in the background zones reveal the dust-bound FRs suspended in the air might be shifted from different warmer zones or consumers products available/used in the same zones. Elevated concentrations of FRs in the potable water samples were revealed in the industrial zones followed by rural and background zones, while the decreasing trends for FRs in the potable water samples highlighted were: ΣOPFRs > ΣPBDEs > ΣNBFRs > ΣDP due to the much higher water solubility for OPFRs as compared to the other BFRs. Among the analyzed FRs, Tris-(2-chloroisopropyl)-phosphate (ΣTCPP), anti-DP, BDE-47 and 1,2- bis(pentabromodiphenyl)ethane (DBDPE) were the dominant compounds in three selected zones. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that most of the FRs are associated with the industrial zones. It is suggested that FRs might be leached out from wastewater bodies and subsequently mixed with nearby potable water facilities. FRs may also spill out from the aluminum or plastic pipes and tanks most commonly used for potable water storage in Pakistan. xv The FRs concentrations, estimated daily intake (EDI) and the hazard quotient (HQ) in potable water, air and dust samples were recorded higher in toddlers as compared to adults. Moreover, the indoor air and dust samples showed higher FRs levels, EDI and HQ than outdoor air and dust samples. It was found that in air, dust and potable water samples an elevated FRs concentrations, EDI and HQ were recorded in the industrial zones followed by rural and background zones. HQs for FRs in the Children/toddlers and adults via potable water consumption and indoor and outdoor dust were <1 highlighting no risk to the vulnerable population. While on the other hand, the HQ values >1 in toddlers and adults population warrants a health risk for BDE-47 and -99 in most of the indoor and outdoor air samples at the industrial zones; while for BDE-47 in the toddlers at indoor and outdoor air samples in some sites at the rural zones of Gujrat and Gujranwala, Pakistan. The results of this study will provide a baseline record for FRs (PBDEs, DP, NBFRs and OPFRs) concentrations in the indoor and outdoor air, dust and potable water at different altitudinal zones in Pakistan. Strict implementations in regard of FRs associated products are needed to minimize the future health concerns through FRs exposure. Alternative products should be introduced to reduce the hazards from FRs. Furthermore, detailed studies are required to assess the long range transport of FRs and modeling approaches for better understanding of their distribution in different environmental compartments. Key words: Flame retardants, Air, Dust, Potable water, Exposure pathways, Pakistan