عبد الرحمن الكيلاني وكتابه مترادفات القرآن مع الفروق اللغوية

This article deals with “Synonymy” in Arabic. Generally “Synonymy” is a radical source which keeps language more advanced and developed. The “Synonymy” has gained attention of early Arabic linguists’ and scholars while compiling the sacred language data, for instance two major linguists Abū al-Mālik ibn Qutaybah al-Asma’i and Ibn Khalawayh focused on synonymity of words, eventually they considered memorisation of synonym words as a mark of pride. On the other hand, some other linguists like Abu al-‘Abbās Aḥmed ibn Yaḥy al-Thalb and Abū ‘Alī al-Fārisī have denied the existence of synonymity in Arabic language altogethers. After all, the “Synonymity” of words is considered as a linguistic phenomenon in all languages generally and in Arabic language particularly. A renowned great scholar ‘Abdul Raḥmān al-Kilānī paid countless attention to this linguistic phenomenon and wrote the book the of one is which“مترادف القرآن مع الفروق اللغوية”: entitled comprehensive reference books in the field. He studied Quranic synonyms with their meanings systematically. The article addresses the concept of synonymity with a brief historiography as well as what ‘Abdul Raḥmān al-Kilānī's book brought us in this field.

The American Novel and the Question of Womens Equality in the Late 19Th Century

The study explores the question of women’s equality in the late 19th-century American novel and society through the lenses of New Historicism, Reader Response (Reception History), and (American) Feminism. From the vast world of American literature, the study focuses on four American novelists: Louisa May Alcott, Henry James, Kate Chopin, and Theodore Dreiser, specifically on their magnum opuses–Little Women, The Portrait of a Lady, The Awakening, and Sister Carrie– that address the question of women’s equality from many nuanced angles. Primarily, the study hinges on how the four writers, who were already grappling with the emergent feminist movement, were influenced by injustices to women. These writers were inspired to shape their novels to both reflect and critique Victorian constraints on women. After considering the lukewarm public responses to the universal theme of these authors, the study gauges how these novels contributed to changing the position of American women in terms of social, personal, sexual, economic, and political equality inlate 19th-and early 20th-century. Collectively, the four novels, step-by-step, advance/d the cause of women’s equality as the literary progenitors of American Feminism with their protagonists'' multi-faceted notions of liberty, contributing their share in laying the base for the upcoming waves of Feminism. Literary pieces like these have helped transform American social institutions, making America the capital of global attention for women’s rights. Like the 19th-century critics, modern-day readers feel that these novels illustrate a powerful call for women’s equality both inside and outside the U.S. Finally, these novels could inspire (literary) writers in Pakistan— particularly in Pashtun belt, where women''s lack of equal rights is the most burning and critical issue—to address women’s rights as a means to create a fertile ground for gender equality.