PENGARUH STRATEGI KONFLIK KOGNITIF BERBANTUAN MEDIA SEJARAH SAINS TERHADAP SIKAP ILMIAH DAN PERUBAHAN KONSEPTUAL PADA MATERI GERAK

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh strategi  pembelajaran konflik kognitif berbantuan media sejarah sains terhadap sikap ilmiah dan perubahan konseptual siswa pada materi gerak. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimen. Sampel penelitian ini adalah kelas XB dan XC yang terdiri atas 66 sisiwa, 33 siswa pada kelas eksperimen dan 33 siswa pada kelas kontrol. Data pada penelitian ini diambil dengan menggunakan: angket, tes pemahaman konsep dan wawancara. Angket digunakan untuk mengambil data sikap ilmiah, tes pemahaman konsep untuk mengambil data perubahan konseptual siswa, dan wawancara sebagai pelengkap dan pendukung data perubahan konseptual. Data di analisisn dengan statistik uji-t pada taraf signifikan 5% dan uji N-Gain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS 20  diperoleh untuk sikap ilmiah thitung > ttabel (4,637 >2,042 atau sig.2-tailed (0,000) < (0, 05) dan  thitung > ttabel (6.974 > 2.024)  sig.2-tailed (0,000) < (0, 05) untuk perubahan konseptual, yang berarti hipotesis (H0) ditolak dan (H1) diterima dan yang diperoleh pada kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah stategi pembelajaran konflik kognitif berbantuan media sejarah sains berpengaruh secara nyata meningkatkan sikap ilmiah, perubahan konseptual siswa kelas X SMA pada materi gerak.  Kata Kunci: Strategi Konflik Kognitif, Media Sejarah Sains, Sikap Ilmiah dan Perubahan Konseptual.

An Analytical Study of Political Parties During Zia Era With Special Reference to Pakistan People Party 1977-1988

Although Pakistan had experienced two Martial Laws before, but the Zia regime was the most crucial in the history of Pakistan where political cleansing was occurred officially with the help of Pakistan Army. Besides Pakistan Peoples Party, policies of General Zia-ul-Haq showed that he was against all the democratic force of Pakistan. And, his such attitude became the reason of starting a Movement for Restoration of Democracy. Although, the rightist political parties were supporting Zia’s policy of Islamization, referendum of 1984 and non-party based elections of 1985, but the popularity of MRD grew up day by day. Junaijo’s demand of getting democratic powers was due to the pressure building by the MRD whose basic objective was to restore parliamentary system in original shape as described in the Constitution of 1973. The results of 1988 election showed that, this movement was against the dictatorial politics of Zia-ul-Haq. This study highlights the role of Pakistan Peoples Party in the politics of Pakistan since its emergence. It covers the issues such as Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto as Foreign Minister during Ayub regime, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party, Civilian Martial Law Administrator and President of Pakistan, and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Similarly, this study focuses upon the political environment which was designed after the military coup of General Zia-ul-Haq, where workers and leaders of Pakistan Peoples Party were suffered a lot. After the hanging of Bhutto and implementation of Zia’s policies of Islamization, Movement for the Restoration of Democracy started which is the case study of this research. The consequences of this movement on Zia’s referendum of 1984, non-party based elections of 1985 and Zia-Junaijo differences are also observed here. Keeping in view the organization of the study the thesis deals with the introduction consisted of the statement of the problems, justification and objectives of the study, hypothesis, research questions and organization of the study. It is divided into six chapters. Chapter one focuses upon the role of political parties in Pakistan during different regimes since 1947-77. Chapter two highlights emergence and rise of Pakistan Peoples Party since 1967 and presented different policies and reforms under the leadership of Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto. Chapter three defines imposition of MRD as revolutionary Movement. Participation of other political parties, Benazeer’s hardships, Election of 1985 and its effects on the history of Pakistan. Chapter four tries to evaluate the major steps of Zia-ul-Haq and consequences of controlled democracy. Chapter five deals with the ending of Martial Law and the beginning of controlled democracy. Chapter six is based on conclusion, findings and recommendations.