وہ بھی مُجھ کو سوچ رہا ہے
میرا دل خُوش فہم بڑا ہے
میرؔ قنوطی شاعر تھا گر
کون رجائی ہو سکتا ہے!
میرؔ و غالبؔ داغؔ و مومنؔ
اور دلی میں رکھا کیا ہے
میرؔ و ناصرؔ میرے مرشد
مجھ پر ان کا رنگ چڑھا ہے
’’پہلی بارش‘‘ جب سے دیکھی
مجھ پر اُس کا اثر ہوا ہے
کیا کیا خواب تھے دیکھے ہم نے
اپنا خواب تو خواب رہا ہے
اُس کی یاد مرا دل کھائے
کیا دل کا کچھ ہو سکتا ہے!
ایک وہ دن ، تُو ساتھ تھا میرے
ایک یہ دن ، تُو چھوڑ گیا ہے
گر ہے صادقؔ عشق ترا تو
آنکھ سے پانی کیوں بہتا ہے
Despite the smooth transition of power from the British colonists to the Sri Lankan Sinhalese in 1949, Sri Lanka inherited considerable challenges. After the culmination of the civil war, from 1983 to 2009, Sri Lanka confronted numerous obstacles in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the country. Drawing from Birch’s model of national integration, this study attempts to examine the diverse political, economic, and social challenges facing Sri Lanka. The review shows that Sri Lanka needs critical nation building in the following areas: (i) Infrastructural development; (ii) Resettlements and rehabilitation of displaced populations; (iii) Ethnic and religious integration; (iv) Equality in political representation; (v) Educational and employment policies; (vi) Gender equality policies; and (vii) Mental health interventions for children and women. The role of international bodies, like the United Nations Human Rights Council, and neighboring countries is key to creating pressure for national integration and growth. There is fear that if national unity is not at the forefront of state and international policy for Sri Lanka, conflict and instability may arise again.
System of rice intensification (SRI) has been recently developed in which during the vegetative growth period, soil is kept in moist condition after transplanting young seedling singly in square pattern with spacing 25 × 25 cm2. SRI is gaining recognition by farmers of many rice growing regions of the world for raising their rice productivity under limited water supply. However information on (SRI) is limited in Pakistan. Therefore, an on- farm study was conducted during 2010 and 2011 with an objective to access the performance of different chemical fertilizers on three local rice varieties under SRI and conventional management practices at Agricultural Research Institute (North) Mingora (Swat). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement and three replications. The two cultural practices, i.e., (1) SRI: transplanting 15 days old single seedling in a square arrangement with 25 × 25 cm2 spacing, and during the vegetative growth period, keeping the soil in moist condition, and (2) Traditional management practices, and having three rice cultivars and the names were (1) Dilrosh-97, (2) JP-5, and (3) Fakhre Malakand were assigned to main plots, whereas the fertilizer treatments were assigned to sub-plots (4m × 5m). Treatments of fertilizer were comprised, T1 = Control, T2 = 100-0-0-0 kg N-P2O5-K2O-Zn ha-1, T3 = 100-60-0-0 kg N-P2O5-K2O-Zn ha-1, T4 = 100-60-40-0 kg N-P2O5-K2O-Zn ha-1, and T5 = 100-60-40-20 kg N-P2O5-K2O-Zn ha-1. Before transplanting the phosphorous and potassium and half of the nitrogen fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. 7-10 days after transplanting zinc was applied,and the remaining half of N and P was applied in two equal splits at 25-30 days and 45-55 days after transplanting.The results showed statistically significant increase in panicles plant-1 number,tillers plant-1 number, height of plant, length of panicle, number of grains panicle-1, biological yield, paddy yield,thousand-grain weight,harvest index and dry weight of plant enhanced by 9.4%, 8.9%, 10.3%, 9.9%, 9.6%, 6.9%, 4.4%, 1.3%, 9.3% and 15.6% respectively under SRI as compared to the conventional cultivation practices. Among rice varieties Fakhre- Malakand outperformed the other rice varieties under the SRI practices. Similarly, compared to control, T5 improved panicles plant-1 number,height of plant, tillers plant-1 number , length of panicle, number of grains panicle-1, hilum yield, paddy yield, harvest index, thousand-grain weight and dry weight of plant of rice by 38.6%, 37.9%, 34.4%, 37.7%, 40.1%, 12.4%, 39.0%, 21.9%, 39.5%, and 66.1% respectively. It may be concluded from the study that system of rice intensification is a better method for rice cultivation as water accessibility is the major problem in rice production at district Swat. Furthermore, rice variety, Fakhre Malakand proved to be a suitable variety under SRI management practice and may be used to obtain higher rice production, where availability of irrigation water is limited.