مولانا محمد رفیع
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں ہمارے نہایت فاضل دوست لیفٹنٹ کرنل خواجہ عبدالرشید کالاہور میں، اورمولانا محمد رفیع صاحب کا انتقال دیوبند میں ہوگیا۔ اوّل الذکر پرتوایک مضمون برہان کی آئندہ اشاعت میں شائع ہوگا۔مولانا محمد رفیع صاحب حضرت شیخ الہندؒ کے نواسے تھے۔ دارالعلوم دیوبند کے فاضل اور پختہ استعداد کے عالم تھے، ان کے والد ماجد مولانا محمد شفیع صاحب جو علم و عمل، تقوی وطہارت اورفقر ودرویشی میں سلف صالحین کے نمونہ تھے۔عرصۂ دراز تک مدرسہ عبدالرب دہلی کے صدر مدرس رہے، مولانا محمد رفیع بھی عمر بھر اس مدرسہ میں استاد رہے۔والد ماجد کی وفات کے بعد مدرسہ کے ناظم بھی ہوگئے تھے۔ عملاً نہایت صالح،عابد وپرہیزگار،خوش پوشاک اورخوش اخلاق تھے، عمر۸۷برس کی ہوئی۔اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ۔ [اپریل۱۹۸۳ء]
The disparity in the equality of education in Indonesia, especially in backwoods areas, is one of the problems of education in Indonesia. One of the Government's action in overcoming this gap is by distributing teachers to remote areas of the country. In addition, the government also stipulates several laws and regulations as the formal legality of education in backwoods communities. This study aims to explore the possibility of implementing the homeschool education model (homeschooling) for backwoods communities, as an effort to applied Islamic subject matter and prevail education in Indonesia. This study uses a naturalistic phenomenological approach, using triangulation as one of the data analyzes. The research location is in Hansibong, a backwoods hamlet in the Sojol mountains of ParigiMoutong district, Central Sulawesi. The results of this study found that education in Hansibong is carried out informally within the family. Learning process is held in a traditional way, using very minimal of media, methods and subject matter. The material taught is limited to morality values, reading and writing, arithmetic and the ability to survive in nature. Islamic education in its function as a strengthening of cognitive intelegence, morals, spirituality and nationality has not been provided in learning at home. As a research implication, a homeschooling socialization effort is needed so that the student community can continue to a higher level. The implementation of homeschooling that is not in accordance with the technical guidelines issued by the government will only disserve students because learning outcomes cannot be equalized with existing education levels.
Saline soils and brackish water are major deterrents to crop production, especially in arid and semi arid areas. A better knowledge of the performance of plants under such conditions may be helpful in identifying suitable species/ genotypes for improved yields. This research aimed at studying the response of some Brassica species at various growth stags (germination, early seedling and maturity) when exposed to different salinity levels. Ten locally adopted genotypes of amphidiploids species of Brassica (five each of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea) obtained from NIA & ARI Tandojam and NIFA Peshawar were used. The studies on germination were conducted in petri dishes which were placed in temperature controlled germinator with four salinity treatments (control, 10, 15 and 20dSm-1 NaCl). The genotypic response at early seedling stage was studied at 1.56, 6.0, 9.0 dSm-1 NaCl in beds filled with fine gravels in net house. These plants were also grown to maturity in a field where salinity ranged from 8.75 to18.88 dSm-1. Among the Brassica juncea genotypes, the genotype Toria selection and Agati sarheen had the best germination followed by NIFA raya & Sultan raya, whereas, the genotype P-78 was found highly sensitive during germination at 20 dSm-1 NaCl salinity level. Among the Brassica napus species, the genotype Wester was least affected by 20 dSm-1 NaCl salinity level, whereas Durr-e- NIFA and Abaseen-95 showed minimum germination. At early seedling stage Sultan raya and Agati sarheen in Brassica juncea, and Wester in Brassica napus performed better than other genotypes at 9 dSm-1 (NaCl) salinity level. It was also observed that the tolerant genotypes had higher K:Na ratio as compared to sensitive ones. In the field no growth was observed above15 dSm-1. Observation recorded in terms of plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of slique plant-1, slique length, grain wt plant-1, grain yield plot-1 and 100 grain wt., showed that among Brassica juncea genotypes, Agati sarheen had < 50% decrease under saline condition in all the growth parameters followed by Sultan raya having < 50% reduction in 7 growth parameters. Whereas, among the Brassica napus genotypes Wester and Abaseen-95 performed better, showing < 50% decrease in all the growth parameters under saline field conditions. The results obtained under natural saline field conditions are to great extent similar to the earlier findings obtained in green house studies. To improve the salt tolerance in Brassica genotypes, nitrogen and potassium were applied exogenously to some selected (tolerant and sensitive) genotypes alone or in various combinations @ 30 mM and 60 mM. Application of these growth promoting chemicals (GPC) improved plant growth under saline environments. Least reduction in different growth parameters was observed in T4 (NH4Cl @ 60 mM), followed by T2 (KCl @ 60 mM). Both these treatments showed comparatively higher increase in organic solutes (proline and glycine betaine) in plants. Sodium accumulation was also low, under T4 treatment followed by T2 treatment. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that application of higher dose of NH4Cl (60mM) and KCl (60 mM) proved suitable stretigies for alleviating the toxic effects of salinity in Brassica species.