مولانا سیّد انور شاہؒ
دین و دانش کی دنیا کا مہرانور ۳؍ صفر ۱۳۵۲ھ (۲۹؍مئی ۱۹۳۳ء) کی صبح کو دیوبند کی خاک میں ہمیشہ کے لئے غروب ہوگیا، یعنی مولانا سید انور شاہ صاحب جانشین شیخ الہند و صدر المدرسین دارالعلوم دیوبند نے دوبرس کی علالتہ بواسیر اور ضعف و نقاہت کے بعد ۵۹ برس کی عمر میں وفات پائی، مرحوم کا وطن گو کشمیر تھا، مگر تعلیم سے فراغت کے بعد ایک مدت تک مدینہ منورہ میں اقامت کی، پھر واپس آکر استاد کی خواہش اور اصرار سے دارالعلوم کی صدارت کی ذمہ داری قبول فرمائی، اور جس کو حضرت شیخ کے زمانۂ جنگ میں ہجرت کے بعد سے ۱۹۲۹ء تک اس طرح انجام دیا کہ چین سے لے کر روم تک ان کے فیضان کا سیلاب موجیں لیتارہا اور ہند اور بیرون ہند کے سینکڑوں تشنگان علم نے اس سے اپنی پیاس بجھائی۔
مرحوم کم سخن لیکن وسیع النظر عالم تھے، ان کی مثال اس سمندر کی سی تھی جس کی اوپر کی سطح ساکن لیکن اندر کی سطح موتیوں کے گراں قیمت خزانوں سے معمور ہوتی ہے، دو وسعت نظر، قوتِ حافظہ اور کثرت حفظ میں اس عہد میں بے مثال تھے، علوم حدیث کے حافظ اور نکتہ شناس، علوم ادب میں بلند پایہ، معقولات میں ماہر، شعر و سخن سے بہرہ مند اور زہدہ و تقویٰ میں کامل تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنی نوازشوں کی جنت میں ان کا مقام اعلیٰ کرے کہ مرتے دم تک علم و معرفت کے اس شہید نے قال اﷲ و قال الرسول کا نعرہ بلند رکھا۔
مرحوم کو سب سے پہلے ۱۹۰۶ء یا ۱۹۰۷ء میں دیوبند میں دیکھا، جب وہ اور مولانا حسین احمد صاحب مدنی سرزمین عرب سے تازہ وارد ہند تھے، مدرسہ دیوبند میں میری حاضری کی تقریب سے طلبہ اور مدرسین کا ایک جلسہ...
Islam lays great emphasis on security and the sanctity of human life. The holy Quran terms killing of an innocent person as killing of the whole humanity. It prohibits unjust killing of human being in unequivocal terms. The holy Qur’an and Sunnah terms killing of an innocent person as one of the greatest sins. An eternal torment is the destiny of a killer who takes life of a person unjustly. However, it is also a bitter fact that hardly a crime free society could be found anywhere in the world. Peace prevails only in those societies where culprits are brought to justice. This is why Islamic penal code has prescribed punishments for all kinds of crimes. It has prescribed punishment of Qisâs in case of intentional murder and Diyat (blood money in case of killing of a person by mistake, it is also due in case if remission is made by the heirs in intentional murder case). To prove the crime of murder, testimony of two reliable witnesses or confession of the killer is required before the court. However, if a corpse is found in a place where killer is unknown and witnesses are unavailable, then Islam enjoins the process of Qasâmah to safeguard rights of the heirs of the deceased. Qasâmah is a process of taking oath by fifty persons selected by the heirs of the slain. In this article the concept of Qasâmah has been elaborated. It has three parts , in the first part conditions for the validity of Qasâmah has been elaborated, while in the second part its process has been discussed with elaborate opinions of jurists regarding taking of oath, as some of them opine that the heirs of the slain have to take oath, mentioning name of the killer, while others say oath will be taken by the defendants that they didn’t kill him, Both these opinions have been discussed by producing arguments of the both sides. While in the third part the issue of Qisâs and Diyat has been discussed as according to some jurists the Qasâmah entails Qisâs while other say that it entails Diyat only; arguments of both sides have been discussed in detail.
About 30% of perishable agriculture products are spoiled during post-harvest processing. This study has been taken up for the enhancement of existing post-harvest processing facilities using renewable energy by developing a continuous solar roaster (CSR) for the on-farm roasting of different agricultural products. Existing roasting techniques are not adoptable for the growers of developing countries due to high initial investment and rapidly escalating prices of non-renewable energy resources. A 10 m2 Scheffler reflector is used to generate thermal energy by converging the incoming direct normal irradiance (DNI) at a 460 mm diameter copper coil heat exchanger which is transferred to a 2000 mm long and 450 mm in diameter roasting cylinder by circulation of thermal oil. Hot thermal oil delivers the absorbed heat to products while flowing in a semi-circular oil jacket (13.5 liter capacity) installed beneath the roasting cylinder. Groundnuts were fed into the roasting cylinder through a 0.015 m3 capacity feeding hopper and slide towards discharge chute with the help of ribbon type paddle screw conveyor. Performance evaluation results showed that more energy can be drawn in winter season than the summer with standing Scheffler reflector in northern hemisphere and maximum cooking power was calculated to be 3279 W under the average DNI of 815 W/m2. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) technique was selected to design the experiments in Design Expert® (Version: 11.0.5.0 64-bit) software to investigate the single and interactive effects of operating parameters of CSR. The optimization results for maximum feeding capacity (15 kg) and minimum thermal oil flow rate (0.01 L/s) revealed that the conveyor speeds of 1.42 rpm, 0.99 rpm and 0.69 rpm corresponding to 14+0.1, 20+0.1 and 29+0.1 min roasting time resulted in light, medium and dark quality groundnut roasting respectively. Final moisture contents of groundnut kernels were found to be 1.99, 1.73 and 1.34% against the L* value of 53.42, 48.77 and 43.41 at light, medium and dark roasting respectively. On a sunny day, 140 to 288 kg groundnuts can be continuously roasted subjected to light to dark roasting conditions respectively with satisfactory food quality. The payback period of CSR was assessed to be 1.7 to 3.9 years depending upon the alternate source used for equivalent energy generation. It was also estimated that CSR can generate about 55 MWh energy for roasting in expected life span of 10 year. For equivalent energy production, CO2 emission by wood, coal, diesel, kerosene and gas were found to be 21.45, 19.25, 14.85, 14.30 and 11 thousand tons respectively. The overall system efficiency was found to be 39 to 41%.