تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Utaut and its Relationship With Knowledge Exchange: the Role of Information Communication Technologies Ict in Universities

Universities are investing on ICT for providing distance education to students residing in remote areas. But in most of the cases, ICT fails and users resist using it. Therefore the purpose of conducting this study is to examine factors that help in building teachers and students trust on ICT and ICT usage behavior for knowledge exchange. For this, two studies were conducted, where teachers and students of two public sector universities of Pakistan were requested to participate. These universities specifically offer distance learning programs and use ICT for knowledge sharing and knowledge seeking. Data on independent variables (―UTAUT constructs‖) and mediating variables (trust, intention) were collected at time period 1, whereas responses for ―usage behavior‖ was collected at time period 2 (after 2 months gap within a semester). In total for study 1, 350 responses were received from students and for study 2, 150 responses were received from teachers. For mediation analysis, Hayes (2013) MACRO PROCESS with bootstrapped confidence interval technique was used. The mediation results on the basis of indirect effects suggested that trust mediates the relationship between facilitating condition (FC) and Usage Behavior (UB) for both the studies as proposed. Moreover, trust and intention sequentially mediated the relationship between performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI) and UB in both the studies except between EE, SI and UB of study 2. The current study also presents the theoretical and practical implications with limitation of the study and future research directions.