جالبؔ میں اور جیل جپھہ
(دوسری قسط)
انسان ماں کی گود سے گور تک سیکھنے کے عمل سے گزر تا ہے ۔ویسے بھی یو نیورسٹی کا طالبعلم تھا اور زندگی مطالعے کے بجائے مشاہدے میں گزرگئی ۔ضیاء الحق کے دور میں عدالتوں کے اختیارات معطل تھے اور تمام سیاسی قیدی فوجی حکمرانوں کے حکم کے پابند تھے ۔
جنرل جیلانی پنجاب کا گورنر تھا اور اسمبلی حال مارشل لاء ہیڈ کواٹر تھا جو اس وقت کے چیف آف سٹاف ٹو گورنر پنجاب کے کنٹرول میں تھا وہاں سے نظر بندیوں کے حکم جا ری ہو تے تھے ۔جس کی مدت تین ماہ ہو تی اور اس کی مدت ختم ہونے سے پہلے ہی اگلے تین ماہ کا حکم نامہ جا ری کر دیا جاتا۔محمد علی ایکٹر کو ڈسٹرکٹ جیل جھنگ منتقل کر دیا گیا اور سب پر ایسے گزری کہ جیسے خاندان کو ئی فرد بچھڑ رہا ہو ۔
جیل میں شہید ذوالفقار علی بھٹوکی برسی منائی گئی اور یکم مئی پر بھی ایک تقریب کا انعقاد کیا گیا طوالت کے خوف سے تفصیل نہیں لکھ رہا تین ماہ پورے ہوئے تو اگلے تین ماہ کی نظر بندی کا پروانہ آگیا ۔کچھ وقت گزرنے کے بعد جیل کے حکام کی طرف سے پیغام ملا کہ پیچھے سے حکم ہے کہ جو شخص معافی نامہ اور نیک چلنی کی ضمانت دے گا وہ جیل سے رہا ہو سکتا ہے ۔
جیل کے لان میں تمام نظر بند قیدیوںکی میٹنگ ہوئی ملک محمد حسین ایڈوکیٹ اور دوسرے جیل کے ساتھیوں نے احتجاج کیا کہ ان کی شرائط پر کوئی رہائی حاصل نہیں کرے گا ۔جسٹس سعید حسین اپنے مزاج کے انسان تھے انہوں نے اختلاف کیا اور پنجابی میں کہا
The study aims at describing the effectiveness of the use of film media in learning to write short story of class VII students at SMPN 34 Makassar. The study is an experimental true design with posttest-only control design. The study was conducted at SMPN 34 Makassar. The populations of the study were 292 students of class VII. The samples were taken by employing simple random sampling and obtained class VII1 as the experiment class and class VII3 as the control class. Data collections were then analyzed using descriptive statistic analysis an inferential statistics analysis. The results of the study indicated that students’ ability at the experiment class that wrote short story by employing film media showed extremely sufficient result. Students who were able to abtain above the set KKM was 83, 3% or 25 students, and students who obtained below the set KKM was 16, 7% or 5 students. On the other hand, students’ ability at the control class that wrote short story by employing conventional media (pictures) showed sufficient result. Students who were able to abtain above the set KKM was 54, 8% or 17 students, and students who obtained below the set KKM was 45, 2% or 14 students. So, the results indicated that the use of film media is effective to be used in learning to write short story proved by the hypothesis test which used inferential statistic of independent sample test obtained the t score by 4,405 with the independent degree 59 at the level of significant p= 0,000 because α = 0, 05 > p = 0,000 so H0 hypothesis was rejected and H1 hypothesis was accepted. Suggestions based on the study are teachers should use variation, one of the examples is by using film media in learning to write short story. Students should be active to learn how to write and should have more practices in writing short story. Students should be active to learn how to write and should have more practices in writing short story. The researches should use this research as a reference to conduct further study with different learning strategy to obtain alternative of learning strategies.
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is an important but ignored fruit crop of Pakistan for which no research work has ever been reported previously inside the country. There is no standard or identified loquat cultivar available to the growers for cultivation in the loquat growing pockets of Pakistan. Generally, the farmers grow their orchards through seeds. As a result, most of the loquat orchards do not possess the plants with uniform fruit characters and fruit is not of good quality. Previously no work has been reported regarding description of the loquat genotypes in Pakistan. The present study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate and characterize the available genotypes in the main loquat growing areas of Pakistan and to determine the genetic diversity among these genotypes. For this purpose, 9 sites were selected in the main loquat growing areas of Pakistan. Forty two genotypes were identified, which were compared on the basis of morpho-physical traits. Significant differences were observed with reference to various characteristics among different genotypes. Fruit weight of the genotypes ranged from 9.54 g (in HW4) to 47.84 g (in TB15). Range of flesh seed ratio was from 1.67 (in HW5) to 3.05 (in TB8). Minimum yield per tree was recorded as 25.85 kg (in TB15), while it was maximum (89.87 kg) in TB7. Correlations among some traits were also observed. Moreover, RAPD analyses of the genotypes were performed. Five RAPD primers gave reproducible results and generated 47 polymorphic bands. According to the dandrogram, two main groups of the loquat genotypes were identified with a linkage distance of 33%. For most of the locations, grouping of the genotypes was in accordance with the geographical locations. Out of the three genotypes from Mardan, one falls under the first group and the other two under the second group. The maximum number of genotypes (15) was identified at Takht Bhai, two of them belonged to the first group and 13 to the second group. Genotypes with good characteristics i.e. better yield, higher fruit size and weight, less number of seeds per fruit and higher flesh seed ratio can be recommended for further multiplication and introduction to the other loquat growing areas which would increase the income of farming community. The study also recommends establishing germplasm units in Punjab and NWFP and pooling all these genotypes for future strategies and breeding programs including selection, introduction, hybridization and mutation breeding. The present study would also be helpful for the documentation, management, and conservation of the loquat genetic resources of Pakistan.