پلاٹ
ناول کا پلاٹ بہت خوبصورت انداز میں گتھا ہوا ترتیب دیا گیا ہے۔ناطق جس پس ماندگی کو عیاں کرنے میں کامیاب رہے ہیں۔اسے شروع میں اس طرح دکھایا گیا ہے کہ اصل میں ایک معمولی جڑ کیسے ایک مضبوط تناور درخت بن جاتی ہیاور جب اس تناور درخت نے اپنی جڑیں اور شاخیں پھیلا دی ہوتی ہیں۔تو اسے ہٹانا کتنا مشکل عمل ہے۔لوطی حرکات سے شروع ہوتی یہ کہانی پھر سیکس انڈسٹری تک جا پہنچی یہ معاشرتی پس ماندگی ایک مضبوط جڑ کی طرح معاشرے کو کھوکھلا کر رہی ہے۔اس نے بہت اعلیٰ طریقے سے پردہ سرکایا ہے۔کہانی کا پلاٹ بہت مضبوط ومنظم ہے مصنف کی گرفت کہانی کے پلاٹ کے علاوہ مکالمے اور جزئیات نگاری پر بھی آخر تک قائم رہی۔تلخ حقائق کو نمایا ں کرنے میں ناطق نے ایک دلیرانہ جسارت کرکے معاشرے کے سماجی مسائل کی عکاسی کی ہے۔عظیم الشان صدیقی لکھتے ہیں :
’’کہانی اگر قصہ کی بنیاد ہے تو پلاٹ اس کی ترئین وآرائش ہیں‘‘(2)
مصنف نے اس غیر عادلانہ اور استحصال پذیر معاشرے میں اپنی کہانی کیذریعے غیر انسانی رویوں کو بے نقاب کیا ہے اور اس بے حس معاشرے کی بہتری کے لئے ایک مضبوط پلاٹ مرتب کیا ہے۔جس میں شروع سے آخر تک مسلسل ایک سحر بھی قاری پہ قائم رہتا ہے اور دوسرا معاشرے میں موجود غیر انسانی رویوں اور اخلاقی پس ماندگیوں کو سمجھنے کے قابل ہوجاتا ہے۔
کردار
ناطق کے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں تمام کردار متحرک دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔ ’’ضامن‘‘کہانی کا مرکزی کردار ہے۔’’طلال‘‘نے جو کردار پیش کیا یقیناوہ بھی ایک بھاری ذمہ داری پوری کر رہا ہے جس کی وجہ سے باقی تمام کردار متحرک دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔شروع میں قاری کو...
Pakistan’s involvement in the US war on terrorism was a tragic decision. No option was left for the ruling elite of Pakistan except to join the global war on terrorism and to take a U-turn from the support of Taliban’s regime in Afghanistan which was duly recognized by Pakistan’s government in 1996. It was expected by the policy-makers of the US that the alliance with Pakistan would provide extraordinary strength in combating the Al-Qaeda and other affiliated conglomerates in Afghanistan as well as in borderland area. However, after fifteen years of war, the alliance has enfeebled despite their mutual understanding regarding the objectives envisaged in the Strategic Partnership. The war on terrorism has now been escalated from Afghanistan to Pakistan and it has provided space to religious extremism, militancy, intolerance, ethnic division and sectarianism. There is no denial to the fact that religious extremism and terrorism are common threat and have damaged both the countries yet Pakistan has sacrificed more than the US in terms of human and material loss. Nevertheless, blame game and trust deficit is on the rise from both sides. This article focuses first on the joint ventures that the US and Pakistan mutually initiated to curb militant bloodbath in Afghanistan as well as in the border region. Secondly, it will explore factors responsible for increasing trust deficit between the partners. The study will not only provide deep understanding about the prevailing issues between Pakistan and the US but will also give true pictures to streamline the methodology for negotiating with each other in future.
Sugarcane is a moderately salt tolerant glycophyte grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions for its high demand as a source of sugar and for biofuel production. Salinity is one of the major adversities that are affecting crop production all over the world. Vegetative propagated sugarcane is very sensitive to salinity at sprouting/germination stage; later it develops tolerance as it reached to maturity. This research was planned to study the accumulation of various metabolites in shoots and roots of sprouts in simulation as well as natural saline/sodic fields in two planting seasons. The ten sugarcane clones obtained from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad, Pakistan were screened using single buds setts in different levels of EC/SAR in simulation and in selected field plots in two planting seasons (Autumn season 2012 and Spring season 2013). The two screened sugarcane clones, one as tolerant (CPF-246) and other as sensitive (S-2003-US-778) were selected for detailed studies at three selected levels of salinity/sodicity at fore-nightly intervals (Autumn season 2013 and Spring season 2014). Growth of both the sugarcane clones reduced as salinity/sodicity increased in simulation as well as field trials. Metabolites such as Chl-a, Chl-b, and Chl-T were severely damaged by the salts concentrations, Chl a/b ratios were found to be higher under stress as compared to control. Total free amino acid contents were higher in both saline/sodic conditions especially in Autumn season. Reduction in primary metabolites under stress shifted the metabolic processes towards enhanced production of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant pigments such as carotenoids were also damaged by high EC/SAR. Anthocyanins were high in shoot and roots of sprouts, especially CPF-246, at all treatments and harvests. High production of H2O2 induced lipid peroxidation by the production of MDA contents in both parts of sprouts as compared to control. Greater production of osmoprotectants such as glycine betaine, proline, soluble sugars, and reducing power assay as well as phenolics occurred at all harvests in both simulation and field trials. The total alkaloids and total lignins were higher in roots of CPF-246 compared to S-2003-US-778, and resulted in reduction of root size. The greater uptake of toxic ions, Na+, Cl-, SO42-, in both roots and shoots of sprouts showed the antagonistic effect on the concentration of essential nutrients; K+, Ca2+, NO3-, PO43-, and Mg2+ thus justify the effect of salinity/sodicity stress more on S-2003-US-778 as compared to CPF-246 and Autumn season reduced more growth of both sugarcane clones as compared to spring season.