پنڈت برجموہن دتاتریہ کیفی
ادھر کئی مہینوں سے علم و ادب کے اکابر کی موت کا ایسا سلسلہ قائم ہے کہ کوئی مہینہ ناغہ نہیں جاتا جس میں کسی نہ کسی صاحبِ علم کا ماتم نہ کرنا پڑتا ہو، ان میں سب سے بڑا حادثہ پنڈت برجموہن و تاتریہ کیفی کی وفات کا ہے، اگرچہ ان کی عمر نوے سال سے زیادہ ہوچکی تھی، مگر وہ ہماری مشترک تہذیب کی بڑی اہم یادگار تھے، اور انکی موت سے اس کا ایک بڑا ستون گرگیا، ان کی ذات میں اس تہذیب کی تمام خوبیاں اور وضعداریاں جمع تھیں، اردو زبان سے ان کو عشق تھا،اور اس کے وہ بڑے ماہر ومحقق تھے، اور اس کی باریکیوں پر ان کی بڑی گہری نظر تھی، جس پر ان کی نثر و نظم کی تصانیف شاہد ہیں، اس لیے ان کی موت ایک بڑا ادبی و تہذیبی حادثہ ہے۔
وہ نصف صدی سے زیادہ اپنے قلم و زبان سے اردو کی خدمت کرتے رہے، اور سر دو گرم کسی دور میں بھی ان کا قدم پیچھے نہ ہٹا، حتی کہ اس دور میں بھی جبکہ فرقہ پرستی نے اردو کی حمایت کو ایک قومی جرم بنادیا ہے، اور ہندووں میں جو لوگ اردو کو اپنی مادری زبان سمجھتے ہیں اور دل سے اس کے حامی ہیں، وہ بھی بہت کم اس کے اظہار کی جرأت کرسکتے ہیں، اردو کی وفاداری پر جو لوگ قائم رہ گئے ہیں، ان میں پنڈت کیفی سب سے نمایاں تھے، وہ برابر اس کے لیے سینہ سپر رہے، اور جب تک ان میں لکھنے پڑھنے اور چلنے پھرنے کی سکت باقی رہی وکالت کرتے رہے، انجمن ترقی اردو ہند کے نائب صدر تھے مگر ادھر چند سال سے ضعف پیری نے بالکل معذور کردیا تھا، ان کی پوری زندگی علمی ادبی مشاغل میں گذری اور اردو...
Foreign Exchange trading is when you buy and sell foreign currencies to generate profit. In our age of advance technology even the virtual or digital currencies have now emerged. This entire business however is mostly based upon speculation and prediction. Even the most skilled and experienced traders face difficulty in predicting movements in currencies. Further, the value of not well established currencies can fluctuate or its exchange rate value can change any time. In view of occupying central place in the economic systems down the ages, Muslim scholars have also vehemently discussed currency, its significanc and matters relating to it in transactions. The present article reviews trading of foreign currencies from Islamic perspective in a situation when no cash is involved in the transaction. The article concludes that as the currencies in such transactions are different commodities, therefore their trade is legal.
The foremost challenge for pharmaceutical scientist is the poor bioavailability of drugs which is the derivative of poor water solubility. The nanocrystal has got prominent consideration in solving the bioavailability problem by increasing the aqueous solubility of the drugs. The nanocrystals can be prepared by bottom up and top down methods. In the current study nanonization has been accomplished by microchannel fluidic reactor (bottom up method) and media milling (top down method). The current research project has been conducted on three poor water soluble NSAIDs drugs (ketoprofen, dexibuprofen and indomethacin). In the bottom, up method, drug solutions and polymers solutions were mixed in microchannel fluidic reactor and subsequent emergent nanosuspensions were poured into vials having polymer solutions. Stable nanocrystals of the ketoprofen, dexibuprofen and indomethacin with particle sizes of 61 nm ± 3.0 with PDI of 0.25 ± 0.07, 45 nm ± 3.0 with PDI of 0.190 ± 0.06, 380 nm ± 5.0 with PDI of 0.290 ± 0.05 were produced. It was observed that antisolvent and solvent flow rate, inlet angle, mixing time and appropriate polymer with specific concentration were the key parameters which greatly affected yielded nanocrystals. The results obtained demonstrates that high antisolvent solvent volume to solvent volume ratio (2.0/0.5 ml/min) produced the relative smaller nanoparticles size. Moreover, it was originated that nanoparticle size increases while increasing the solvent volume and taking antisolvent volume constant. Similarly, at equal ratio of both antisolvent and solvent volumes, it was revealed that low ratio of both liquids produces comparatively smaller nanoparticle size. The mixing of the nanosuspensions for 60 minutes with subsequent ultra-sonication results in reduction of PDI and nanoparticle sizes. Moreover, small inlet angle 10° produced smaller nanocrystals in relation to inlet angle 50°. Poloxamer 407 was effective stabilizer for ketoprofen and dexibuprofen nanosuspensions while indomethacin nanosuspension was stabilized with HPMC-PVP-SDS polymer combination. Moreover, the imperative physicochemical characterization of the nanosuspensions were carried out and it was observed that the produced nanosuspensions were stable for two months. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was confirmed by DSC and PXRD. Furthermore, Morphology examination was carried out through SEM and TEM and it has been substantiated that the produced nanocrystals were homogenously distributed with distinctive crystalline morphology. The produced nanocrystals proved significant dissolution rate correlated to marketed formulations and raw drugs. In the media milling method, coarse suspension of drug was prepared in the polymer and then was recycled in the milling machine (Dena®). Th effect of milling time on particle sizes of the model drugs was evaluated. The resulted particle sizes were 169 nm ± 1.98 with PDI of 0.194 ± 0.04, 298 nm ± 2.00 with PDI of 0.234 ± 0.05 and 161 nm ± 1.90 with PDI of 0.229 ± 0.06 for ketoprofen, dexibuprofen and indomethacin respectively. Moreover, the stability studies were carried out and the produced nanosuspensions were stable for two months. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was established by DSC and PXRD. The Morphological examination was performed on SEM and TEM and it has been observed that the produced nanocrystals were having distinctive crystalline morphology and homogenously distribution. The dissolution studies revealed that produced nanocrystals have significant dissolution rate in relation to marketed formulations and raw drugs. At the end, this research project demonstrates that model drugs are successfully produced in nanocrystal form by Microchannel fluidic reactor and media milling methods.