خواجہ عبدالرؤف عشرت لکھنوی
خواجہ عبدالروف عشرت، لکھنؤ داروغہ حیدربخش کی مسجد کے نیچے کتابوں کی ایک چھوٹی سی دوکان پر بیٹھا کرتے تھے، مگر خدا جانے کیا بات ہے یہ چھوٹی سے معمولی حیثیت کی دوکان نصف صدی تک لکھنؤ کے اہل علم و ادب کا مرکز بنی رہی، اور میں نے بھی چالیس برس اس چھوٹی سی دکان کو اسی طرح علم و ادب کے قدرشناسوں کا مرکز دیکھا، اس وقت جب لکھنؤ کا چوک بجلی اور گیس کی روشنیوں سے جگمگارہا تھا یہی دکان تھی جس پر پرانا مٹی کا چراغ جلا کرتا تھا، اور دنیا کو وضعداری کی روشنی دکھاتا تھا، افسوس کہ زبان و ادب کا یہ ٹمٹماتا ہوا چراغ بھی بجھ گیا۔
خواجہ صاحب گو خود غیر معمولی شاعر نہ تھے، مگر لکھنؤ کے بڑے بڑے شاعروں کی صحبت اٹھائے تھے، بحرؔ مرحوم کے شاگرد تھے، نظم سے زیادہ نثر لکھتے تھے اور لکھنؤ کی راجدھانی اور لکھنؤ کے جانعالم کی کہانی ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، لکھنوء کی بول چال اور محاوروں اور روزمرہ کو بخوبی برتتے تھے، نیک مزاج، وضعدار اور قناعت پسند تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی،جولائی ۱۹۴۰ء)
The travel and tours enterprise were badly affected due to pandemics. In the aftermath of high restrictions on human movement, travel-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted due to lockdown. Due to pandemic, highly impacted into earning-saving, lack of supportive working conditions, lower self-capacity, and lack of recovery budget and policies, the travel and tours-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted. The study reflected the impact of pandemics on travel and tours, major constraints, and a possible way forward to sustaining. The research explores what are the major existing practices of sustaining travel and tours entrepreneurs during pandemics, what factors can contribute to building bounce-back capacities of travel and tours entrepreneurs’ sustainability. Above forty-four, snowball-based sampling was done from major travel and tours entrepreneurs, Pokhara-Nepal. A structure-based open-ended questionnaire, key informant interviews, and in-person-based discussion were applied in the method of study. Used the content analysis along with a recap of the research question, undertake bracketing to identify biases, operationalize variables with develop a coding, and code the data with undertaking analysis while qualitative analysis, and multiple regression facilitated on quantitative analysis to finalize the discussion. The study reflects that self-saving, social support, state and financial institutions recovery support, social behavior and change communication, full vaccination practices, and self-accountable tourist behavior are highly expectable conditions to the sustainability of travel and torus entrepreneurship in the learning area. The study concludes that self-saving capacity can contribute to bounce-back capacity for every entrepreneur. Social support and socioeconomic recovery packages were also contributing to sustaining travel and tours in the study area. Self-saving condition and capacity is higher bounce back capacity compared to non-saved entrepreneurs in the study area. Social support, socioeconomic recovery practices, and recovery packages from state and financial institutions were not at the higher level as expected.
The purpose of the current study was to explore the learners‟ and their teachers‟ perceptions towards the use of Urdu language in English as a foreign language classroom at degree level. Moreover, it was also anticipated to investigate whether there were resemblances or dissimilarities in the way learners and teachers observe the use of Urdu in English language classroom settings. Through this study the researcher tried to uncover the intentions and reasons for which the learners and teachers make use of Urdu in their English language classroom inside and outside activities and similarly, to indicate the situations and the actions in which they choose for not using their L1. To find out an obvious understanding of this subject matter, the study focused on the 156 teachers and the 577 students who were teaching and learning English at graduation level in different public sector colleges and universities of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. There were three sources of data collection applied for the study: Classroom observation, interviews and questionnaires. The data was analyzed through SPSS (statistical package for social sciences).Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-Test and Cronbach‟s alpha. The results of the study indicated that the learners and the teachers showed highly positive perceptions regarding the use of L1 in L2 classroom. The majority of the respondents preferred using Urdu in certain situations for specific reasons such as while learning about grammar and its usage in L2 classroom, discussing course policies, attendance, and other administrative information, explaining some difficult concepts, to give directions about exams and in introducing the aim of the lesson, to discuss tests, quizzes, and other assignments appropriately. Similarly, they were highly motivated to use Urdu while teaching and comprehending summaries and short questions, letter writing and paraphrasing the text in BA/BSc and B.Com courses. Although most of the learners and their teachers revealed a lot of mutual understanding on various points and situations yet there were some points on which they disagreed such as excessive use of L1 reduces their proficiency and fluency level in L2. So, to bridge up this gulf between the two stake holders and to make the teaching/learning practices fruitful the judicious use of L1 may facilitate this process rather it would be proved as a language barrier in EFL classroom.