بلگرامی، سید حسین، نواب عماد الملک مولانا
آہ! عمادالملک مرحوم
نواب محسن الملک، نواب وقارالملک اور مولانا شبلی کی وفات کے بعد ہماری بزم علم میں ادب صرف ایک چراغ سے روشن تھی، لیکن افسوس کہ ۳؍ جون ۱۹۲۶ء کو باد حوادث کے جھونکوں نے اس کو بھی گل کردیا، نواب عمادالملک بہادر مولوی سید حسین بلگرامی کی وفات ایک ایسا جاں گداز حادثہ ہے، جس پر قدیم و جدید دونوں گروہ یکساں رنج و الم کے ساتھ ماتم کریں گے، ایک طرف تو وہ انگریزی زبان کے بہت بڑے عالم اور انشاء پرداز تھے، دوسری طرف قدیم مشرقی علوم و فنون میں بھی مہارت تامہ رکھتے تھے اور ان کے بقا و قیام اور اشاعت میں نہایت دلچسپی اور ہمدردی کے ساتھ ہر ممکن اعانت کے لئے آمادہ رہتے تھے، دائرۃ المعارف، دارالمصنفین، ندوہ، مسلم یونیورسٹی، غرض اس وقت قدیم و جدید علوم و فنون کے جس مرکز قدر ہندوستان میں قائم ہیں سب کے سب ان کی علمی دلچسپی، علمی اعانت اور علمی سرپرستی کے ممنون تھے، اب انکے در و دیوار سے ایک مدت تک ان کے ماتم کی صدائے بازگشت آتی رہے گی کہ:
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نواب صاحب مرحوم کا خاندان اودھ کے مشہور مردم خیز قصبہ بلگرام سے تعلق رکھتا ہے، لیکن ان کے دادا ماجد چونکہ اعلیٰ انگریزی سرکاری ملازمت کے سلسلہ سے بہار، بنگال میں رہتے تھے، اس لئے ان کی پیدائش اور ابتدائی نشوونما کا دور بہار اور بنگال میں گزرا، وہ ضلع گیامیں ۱۸۴۴ء میں پیدا ہوئے اور چودہ پندرہ سال کی عمر تک خانگی طور سے مقامی علماء سے عربی و فارسی کی تحصیل کی، اس طرح عربی کی متوسطات تک تعلیم کے بعد انگریزی کی طرف توجہ کی، پہلے بھاگلپور میں، پھر پٹنہ میں...
This research addresses Islam's view of the social ties that man creates by virtue of his living among the people or in which he borns as its member, and aims to answer several questions about the relationship of these social ties with the Islamic brotherhood bond that Islam has brought. Does Islam recognize the social ties? On which basis does Islam recognize them and why? What is their position in front of Islamic brotherhood? How does Islam invest these ties to achieve religious, psychological and social security? Are there any conditions that Islam has developed to recognize and nurture these ties? The answer to these questions comes through the Qur’ānic texts, the prophetic Hadiths and the events of the Prophet's biography, based on open and direct reference, and away from the ambiguous interpretations or weak evidences; in order to clarify this matter clearly, and to check the validity of the results of the study.
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is being used successfully as biological control agent throughout the world as a substitute of hazardous chemical insecticide in agriculture and forestry for the elimination of pests, and in human health sector for the elimination of disease vectors. In Pakistan, being an agricultural country, commercial scale production and application of biological insecticide is essential. The main objective of this study was to explore potential B. thuringiensis isolates from local environments and to produce effective and low cost biopesticides by a simple and effective process (shake flask technique/fermentation) for the control of chickpea pod-borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner of lepidoptera group. To achieve this objective 150 soil samples collected from different regions of Pakistan were screened and eighty one B. thuringiensis isolates were obtained from 33 (22%) soil samples, identified as B. thuringiensis by using phase contrast microscope and standard tests. These B. thuringiensis isolates contained crystal of different shapes but majority contained typical bipyramidal with cuboidal or irregular crystal. Polymerase chain reaction results indicated that 85.19% isolates was positive for cry1 gene (Lepidoptera specific) showing that cry1 gene occur frequently in our B. thuringiensis isolates. The SDS-PAGE results indicated that variations exist in the protein profile of spore-crystal of B. thuringiensis isolates but the protein profile of the majority was similar to reference standard strain. Results of preliminary screening bioassay at 500 μg toxin/mL diet indicated that toxic B. thuringiensis isolates and reference strain caused 96.55-100% whereas non-toxic caused - 7.33-45.33% mortality against 1 st instar larvae of H. armigera. Non-toxic B. thuringiensis isolates did not contain typical bipyramidal crystal. These results indicated that correlation exist between crystal morphology and toxicity to H. armigera. Bioassay results of toxic B. thuringiensis isolates indicated that LC 50 and potency of the most toxic B. thuringiensis isolate, PA-Sb-46.3 were 4.54 μg/mL, 1177515 IU/mg and relative potency 73.6. Relative potency showed that it was 73.6 times toxic than reference strain. B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD-I-S-1980) viiiThe biopesticide was prepared from locally available low cost ingredients: dried beef blood, molasses and mineral salts (ZnCl 2, MgCl 2, MnCl 2, CaCl 2 and FeCl 3 ) which were used as medium for the laboratory scale production of B. thuringiensis biopesticide by shake flask technique. Indigenous B. thuringiensis isolate PA-Sb-46.3 which produced two crystals: bi-pyramidal and cuboidal was found 73.6 times toxic against H. armigera than reference strain B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD-I-S-1980) was used. Medium was fermented for 72 hours at 30 ± 2 o C and 160 rpm. After 72 h fermented medium showed 95-99 % sporulation, with spore yield of 3.97 X 10 9 spore/mL and LC 50 value to 1 st instar larvae of H. armigera was 0.53 μg/mL diet. Preservatives and diluents used in the biopesticide were found to be effective when stored it at room temperature over a period of 30 months. The three years field results of biopesticide with exotic and chemical insecticides indicated that biopesticide was effective against H. armigera. These observations suggested that the biopesticide produced was effective and highly economical for the industrial scale production to manage H. armigera in Pakistan.