ناول"دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " میں خیر وشر کا تصور
کومل شہزادی
اس کائنات میں ازل سے “خیر” اور” شر” کی کشمکش ہے۔ وہ یہ خیال کرتے ہیں کہ یہی کشمکش آپ کو ایسے تصورات کے اطلاق کی راہ میں بھی حائل نظرآتی ہے ۔ اس کائنات میں “خیر” اور” شر” ما بعد طبعیاتی اور ماورائی تصورات ہیں۔اگر ہم غور کریں تو انسان دو طرح کے عوامل کے زیر اثر ہوتا ہے ایک خیر اور دوسرا شر-کچھ چیزیں خیر کا اظہار ہوتی ہیں اور کچھ شر سے جنم لیتی ہیں۔
اس پر ایک طویل بحث کی جاسکتی ہے مگر میں ناول "دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " کی بات کروں تو ناول نگار نے دو الگ کرداروں کے ذریعے اس موضوع کا احاطہ کیا ہے۔حسن منظر ایک منفرد ناول نگار ہیں اور ان کا یہ ناول اکیسویں صدی کا عمدہ ناول کہا جائے تو بے جا نہ ہوگا۔ناول میں دو کردار علی بخش اور احمد بخش سے خیر و شر کی کشمکش کا پہلو ہے اس کو دونوں کرداروں سے عمدہ انداز میں بیان کیا ہے۔علی بخش کے کردار میں شر جیسے عناصر پائے جاتے ہیں جبکہ احمد بخش کے کردار میں ہمیں خیر کے پہلو ملتے ہیں۔ناول نگار نے دونوں کی عادات و اطوار سے اس تصور کو ناول میں جگہ جگہ تذکرہ کیا ہے۔خیر و شر پہلوؤں کا بھی بہت خوب انداز میں نقشہ کھینچا گیا ہے ۔جس سے ناول کے دو کردار علی بخش اور احمد بخش سے عکاسی کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔دھنی بخش کے گاؤں اور اس کے اردگرد دیہاتوں میں یہ خبر گردش ہونا شروع ہوجاتی ہے کہ احمد بخش امریکہ جارہا ہے ۔احمد بخش کو ایسی برائیوں سے بڑھے ہوئے ماحول سے کراہٹ محسوس ہوتی تھی ۔وہ کلچرل سسٹم میں خود...
Terrorism is such a dangerous disease that has destroyed peace of many nations of the world. Terrorism, in all its forms, is condemnable. The author of this paper tried to encompass all the important factors and causes, which generate and consolidate terrorism in its different forms. This paper presents various causes of the phenomenon of terrorism, which include the material causes, the psychological causes, the behavioral causes, the political causes, the social causes, the economic causes and the ideological causes. The last segment of this dissertation discusses the remedies of the problem of terrorism. The necessary measures and suggestions have been suggested by the author to control the monster of terrorism. These includes to promote a moderate religious approach through education and preaching; to remove the misconception of the west against Islām; to refine our education and teaching methods by including relevant psychology and morality; our youth needs to use their energy in the social welfare activities to save them from becoming a victim of extremists and terrorists for having no purpose of life and for being idle; the Muslim rulers need to get close to their masses and remove alienation; a confident, unanimous condemnation from the responsible circles of the society should be promulgated; the youth must not rebel against their rulers and must not indulge in the matters of excommunication.
Anthracnose of lentil incited by Colletotrichum lentis Damm. is one of the most significant fungal threats to lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) cultivation worldwide. A lot of data concerning disease has been published worldwide; however, no detailed information prior to this work was available in our country Pakistan. The present research encompassing the anthracnose disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) in the major lentil growing districts of the Punjab province. The correct documentation of pathogen along with morphological characterization of isolates and status of available lentil accession was done. To begin with; a two-year anthracnose survey (2014 and 2015 crop season) was completed in 13 lentil growing districts of Punjab, comprising of; Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Attock, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal, Mianwali, Khushab, Jhang, Bhakkar, Layyah and Muzaffargarh. Consequently, 162 disease samples were collected from private/ farms/ government research institutes. These samples yielded 102 C. lentis isolates. Survey revealed disease prevalence in 100% areas/ districts. The highest DI 68% and DS 7 were found in district Khushab, whereas the lowest DI 21% and DS 3 were recorded in district Jhang. Morphological characterization of 102 C. lentis isolates showed flat growth habit in 65% isolates together with a variety of culture colours i.e. black-salmon, iron-grey, orangewhitish, and pale salmon on oat meal agar. Number of days required to fill 90 mm petri plates varied from eight to ten days, whereas, the maximum isolates 63% took nine days (mean growth 10 mm/day). Majority of conidia (57%) were slightly falcate in shape, conidia were hyaline, smooth walled, aseptate ranging from 15.8- xxiii 20.02 × 2.86-4.25 μm. Isolates exhibited almost equal percentage of two shapes of appressoria i.e. rounded to ellipsoidal (51%) and clavate (49%) ranging from 7.08- 11.04 × 4.03-7.05 μm, brown in colour, smooth, solitary or occurring in loose clusters. Study revealed translucent to yellowish brown setae measuring 40.7-85 × 4.8-6.4 μm. Pathogenic variability employing 51% of C. lentis isolates using accessions; NIAB Masoor-2006, Punjab Markaz-2009, Punjab Masoor and NIAB Masoor-2002 taken as differential lines manifested majority of isolates virulent, accordingly accessions were found susceptible to maximum number of isolates. Individually, isolate CLK-63 (recovered from samples of district Khushab) was found the most virulent rendering all accessions highly susceptible to anthracnose. Molecular confirmation of isolate CLK-63 proved it to be true C. lentis. Management of anthracnose based on host plant resistance, of 31 lentil accessions at seedling and flowering stage against isolate CLK-63 indicated Masoor-89, Masoor-86, Masoor-89 bold seeded, Masoor-2004, NARC- 11-1, 08505, Punjab Massor-2009 and Shiraz-96 as resistant accessions to anthracnose.