31. Luqman/Luqman, the Wise
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
31:01
a. Alif. Lam. Mim.
31:02
a. These are the Messages of the Book - The Divine Qur’an – full of Wisdom.
31:03
a. It is a source of Guidance and a Mercy for those who seek excellence in virtue.
31:04
a. Those who
- establish the Salat/Prayer, and
- pay out the Zakat/annual charity, and
- believe with certainty in the realm of the Hereafter.
31:05
a. It is they who are upon Guidance from their Rabb -The Lord, and
b. it is also they who are going to be the successful in the Hereafter.
31:06
a. And from among the people, there are some who engage in diverting talk over Allah’s Message
- misleading others from the Path of Allah without knowledge, and
- taking it in mockery as well.
b. Those - for them will be a humiliating punishment.
31:07
a. And whenever OUR Messages from The Qur’an are recited to such a person,
b. he turns away arrogantly, as if he had not heard them – almost as if there was deafness in his ears.
c. So give him the good news of a painful punishment.
31:08
a. As for those
- believe, and
- practice righteousness,
b. for them will be Gardens of Delight in Paradise -
31:09
a. living therein forever: never to leave, never to die.
b. This is Allah’s true Promise,
c. for HE is The Almighty, The Wise.
Ijmāʿ is an important mode of Ijtihād and well known principle of Islamic Sharʿiah. Historically it is evident that incidence of Ijmāʿ )Consensus( restricted only to four Caliphates of Islam only. This Collective Ijtihād and Collective Opinion was actually the decision of the Islamic State followed and obeyed by the all Muslims specially by "Ṣaḥābah" (Companions of the Holy Prophet), this is why it is called Ijmāʿ-e- Ṣaḥābah. These decisions were applicable and binding to all Muslims living elsewhere in the world, because at that time there was centralized ruling system (Khilāfat-e-Wāḥidah). Now Muslim world has split into many states, so every state has its own decision making institutions and hence such Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ, Islamic Legislation Activities should be validated within those states as Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ except issues relevant to general interest as whole human being and all Muslims. In such issues International level consensus of Islamic Jurists would be required. "Ijmāʿ", actually it is the same processes. More over any "Ijmāʿ" held in a time period can be revoked by any new situation in future as per requirement of the time. It is the inevitable demand of dynamism of Islam to correlate it to every need of the time.
Cloud computing is an on-demand, ubiquitous provisioning of resources. Individual users and many organizations rely on Cloud to support their infrastructure, platform, and applications. To meet these huge demands, Cloud providers have to build enormous Cloud Data Centers (CDCs).CDCs comprise of a lot of resources and these are given to users haphazardly. Arbitrary provisioning of resources on different hosts creates a problem of low usage of host machines. This leads to the problem of inefficient use of resources. More active numbers of hosts contribute to the increase in energy consumption. This will not only increase cloud providers operating cost but also emit a large amount of Carbon Dioxide. Different techniques are used to maximize resource utilization and minimization in energy consumption like VM consolidation, cooling, and scheduling. Server consolidation maximize resource usage and minimize the active number of Physical Machines (PMs) in DCs. Server consolidation includes hosts under-load detection, host overload detection, VM Selection, VM Migration, and VM placement. A number of techniques are proposed by researchers for VM placement which includes Multi-Objective VM placement, Best Fit Decreasing (BFD), Genetic Algorithm Based Approach (GABP), Glow-worn Swarm Optimization, Multi-Objective Ant Colony, and Family Genetic Algorithm (FGA). Most of the proposed techniques consider efficient resource utilization however ignored energy consumption. In some other techniques, energy consumption is considered but they do not consider SLA violation. The proposed technique considers all problems. This research contributes to an Efficient Adaptive Migration Algorithm (EAMA) for dynamic VM migration and placement. The proposed technique minimizes the energy consumption, active number of hosts, maximize the resource utilization and keep a balance in Service Level Agreement (SLA) requirements. For the performance evaluation of the proposed technique CloudSim toolkit is utilized Chapter 1 describes the introduction of the Cloud computing. We have also discussed the aim and objectives of the research. The brief summary of the following chapters is also discussed.