آلودہ پانی کی مروجہ تحلیل و تطہیر کا سائنسی و شرعی جائزہ

Water symbolizes life on the earth. All kinds of existence depend on water. Allah has created great reservoirs of water on this earth which cater to the needs of all living beings, but human negligence is making these resources polluted. Pollution not only poses threats to human life, it also endangers marine life and resources. These threats have been increased manifold by industrial revolution and increasing human population. The same factors are also responsible for the increased use of water. Many countries have employed distillation processes to provide clean water for the increasing demands of population, agriculture and industries. Islamic jurisprudence also takes into account different types of water, some of which can be used in cleansing rituals for worship, while some cannot be used. The question arises whether the purified water by scientific process will be "Ṭahir & Muṭṭahir" and can be used for ablution and other Islamic rituals? Will Islamic Jurist accept it as "Istiḥalah"? The following study will outline the details of distilled water to see whether it can be used for daily chores and ablution rituals or not.

Studies on Biochemical Basis of Resistance Against Late Blight of Potato and its Management Through Fungicides, Bio- Fungicides, and Plant Extracts

Present studies were carried out to screen potato lines/cultivars against late blight, determine the effects of late blight on mineral nutrients and phenolic contents of susceptible and resistant potato cultivars, and manage late blight of potato. Out of 61 varieties/lines tested under natural disease conditions none of the variety/line was found to be immune, highly resistant or resistant to late blight of potato. Thirteen varieties/lines exhibited moderately resistant, thirteen exhibited moderately susceptible, twenty five showed susceptible, and ten showed highly susceptible response. Total phenols detected one month pre and post disease appearance in 50 lines/cultivars. After infection with late blight disease, total phenols significantly increased in all the diseased plants more than the increase in healthy plants of same age. We found an increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc contents of healthy plants of susceptible varieties/lines whereas, potassium, calcium, sodium and iron contents higher in the healthy plants resistant cultivars/lines. Upon disease appearance nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, copper, zinc, and iron contents increased invariably in all plants of both susceptible and resistant cultivars/lines. On the other hand, phosphorus and magnesium contents increased in susceptible cultivars/lines but decreased in resistant cultivars/lines. Control efficiency of Ridomil Gold and Neem (Azadrachta indica) leaf extract, as protective and curative was more pronounced on moderately resistant cultivar (Shanan) as compared to highly susceptible (Karoda). By sowing moderately resistant cultivars and spraying Neem leaf extract or Garlic extract @3% or moderately resistant varieties/lines combined with half the recommended dose of fungicides can protect the crop efficiently. Fungicide application (Ridomil Gold or Melody Dew) should be done at the appearance of disease just for once or twice to reduce the damage to environment and creation of resistance in the pathogen. Our study suggests that resistant cultivars should be exploited with fungicide use to enhance the disease control and disease losses.