Life of Shāh Walī Allāh
Shāh Walī Allāh has written an article titled “al- Juz’ al- Laṭīf fī tarjamat al- ‘Abd al-Ẓa‘īf” in his book “Anfās al ‘Ārifīn” in which he has described his life history. Following are the events of his life as narrated by him:
“I was born on Wednesday 4thShawwāl, 1114 A. H at sunrise… Parents and other saints had received the intuitions about me even before and after my birth. I was sent to Maktab at the age of five and when I was about seven my father made me offer prayers and commanded me to observe fast. In the same year, circumcision was done and after having finished the Qur’ān I took up studying books in Arabic and Persian. At the age of ten, I was going through “Sharaḥ Mullā” and during that time the field of studies opened up for me. I was married at fourteen as my father had desired an early wedding…. I gave my hand to my father’s hand at the age of fifteen and got busy taking up Ashghāl-e-Ṣufīah, especially the Mashā’ikh-e-Naqshband. I set up my spiritual discourse after having sought their attention and motivation to acquire the grooming about norms of religious practices and spiritual uplift through Sufiism. In the same year, I studied a part of Beḍāvī Sharīf and then my father arranged a general feast where he accorded me permission to deliver dars. In short, I learned all the disciplines of that area (‘Ulūm-e-Mutadāwalah) at the age of fifteen and went through all the books linked with these fields in chronological order. In the field of Ḥadīth, leaving aside its part from Kitāb al-bay‘ upto Kitāb al-ādāb, I went through the remaining complete Mishkāt, Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī upto Kitāb al-ṭahārah...
Peace is the key source of all virtues. Unfortunately, since long all the world especially Muslim ummah is facing extremism and terrorism. It is very tragic are mostly those who are having the labels of Islam. One of the many reasons for this is the weakness of beliefs. Today many people have misconceptions about basic beliefs of Islam. Such people are responsible for destroying the peace of society. The best and easy solution to avoid all these riots and setting up peace is to focus on improving their beliefs. Without this the desire to establish peace is nothing more than a dream. In spite of the intention of eliminating the riots with the latest cameras, sensors, radar and all the richest resources available in the world's developed countries. There is not a single woman who travels far away from the remote and is not afraid of anyone except Allah. But the Islam, fourteen centuries ago, showed that a woman travelled alone from?ir? To Makkah and would not have been afraid of anyone except Allah. It was possible only when the prophet (pbuh) spent his life preaching in Makkah about the purification of beliefs. In history, it is always a tradition that whenever corruption is increased on earth, Allah altered this corruption by the prophets and all the prophets started their mission with correction of beliefs.
Plants are rich source of therapeutic compounds that have tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. To identify appropriate plants for isolation of bioactive compounds, methanol/chloroform (M/C) and aqueous (aq.) extracts of 61 medicinal plants were evaluated systematically for their biological activities. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against six bacterial and five fungal strains, while natural antioxidants were studied by using reducing power (RP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Six plants exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity while two exerted significant antifungal activity. Antioxidant potential, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of plant species varied among extracts as well as in assays used for antioxidant evaluation. Significant linear correlation (p < 0.01) of TPC with antioxidant activities suggested their contribution to antioxidant potential. Based on the results of antimicrobial and antioxidant assays and traditional information Ficus microcarpa was selected for isolation of bioactive compounds. Through chromatographic techniques two pure compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of Ficus microcarpa and identified through NMR as Plectranthoic acid (PA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, and 3,4,5,7-Flavantetrol (FL), a flavonoid. These compounds are isolated first time from Ficus microcarpa. Moreover, FL is isolated first time from any natural source. Inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is an important therapeutic approach for treating diabetes mellitus (DM). The bioactivity of PA and FL was evaluated to inhibit these enzymes. Among both the compounds, PA possessed pleotropic inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 39.5, 55.5 and 51.4 μM against α-glucosidase, α amylase and DPP-4, respectively. As first line antidiabetic drug metformin activates 5′AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), the potential of PA to enhance AMPK activity was assessed using hepatocytes. AMPK is a well-studied therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes. Our results showed that PA is an activator of AMPK. Epidemiologic studies indicated that diabetics treated with metformin had a lower incidence of cancer than those taking other anti-diabetes drugs. This led to a surge in the efforts to explore the anticancer potential of PA, which has potent AMPK activating properties. We found that treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) cells with PA inhibited proliferation and induced G1 phase arrest in cell cycle that was accompanied with up- Abstract Evaluation of Pharmacological Potential of Bioactive Compounds Isolated from a Selected Medicinal Plant xxiv regulation of cyclin kinase inhibitors p27/KIP1 and p21/CIP1. PA treatment suppressed mTOR/S6K signaling and induced apoptosis in PCa cells in an AMPK-dependent manner. Interestingly, PA-induced autophagy in PCa cells was found to be independent of AMPK activation. Combination studies of PA and metformin demonstrated that metformin had an inhibitory effect on PA-induced AMPK activation and suppressed PA-mediated apoptosis. Then we designed the study to determine the putative targets of PA in PCa cells and employed a quantitative proteomics approach i.e. nano-LC/MS/MS. Results were processed with the SIEVE software to identify proteins with differential expression. A total of 98 unique peptides, showing > 2 fold change, were analyzed by using IPA and PANTHER software’s which identified mTOR pathway is the major canonical pathway. The biological process modulated by PA with the high percentage, i.e. 51.0% proteins, was a metabolic process. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in PCa metastasis. We next identified PA as an inhibitor of EMT which inhibited cell migration, invasion and expression of mesenchymal markers in PCa cells. We presented that PA reverse EMT by using a PCa cell culture model of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced EMT. To inhibit migration PA used adherin-junction signalling as a major target and Rac1 was identified as the major protein modulated by PA. PA also affected NEDD9, which activates Rac1 and was identified as a major protein involved in progression and migration of PCa cells. This study identifies plants with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties which could be important for isolation of desired therapeutic compounds and to improve infusions, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. The study suggests that Ficus microcarpa and its isolate PA could be an important natural source for alleviating the symptoms of type 2 DM. Given the anti-proliferative role of PA in cancer and its potent anti-hyperglycemic activity, we suggest that PA should be explored further as a novel activator of AMPK for its ultimate use for the treatment of cancers and inhibition of EMT. This study also deserves further investigation in order to isolate more bioactive secondary metabolites from Ficus microcarpa with anticancer and antidiabetic potential.