قدیم سودی مالیاتی نظام کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.

Memetic Heuristic Computation for Nonlinear Problems in Engineering

This dissertation presents new heuristic computational schemes for solving the nonlinear problems in engineering that are governed by nonlinear ordinary differential equations (NODEs) and nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs). The heuristic schemes comprising of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) and a linear combination of some basis functions are presented for solving NODEs. The approximate solution of NODEs is deduced as a linear combination of some basis functions with unknown parameters. Three different basis functions including log sigmoid, Bernstein polynomials, and polynomial basis have been used for the approximate modeling. A fitness function is used to convert the NODE into an equivalent global error minimization problem. Two popular EAs including Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Differential Evolution (DE), and local search techniques, such as, Interior Point Algorithm (IPA) and Active Set Algorithm (ASA) are used to solve the minimization problem and to obtain the unknown parameters. The memetic algorithm schemes combining GA with IPA (GA-IPA) and GA with ASA (GA-ASA) are also explored. The schemes have been tested on various nonlinear problems including Bratu problem, Duffing van der pol oscillator, Michaelis- Menten biochemical reaction system, and power-law fin-type problem. An elegant hybridization of Exp-function method with nature inspired computing (NIC) has been presented for the numerical solution of NPDEs. Exp-function method is used to express the travelling wave solution of the given NPDE. The NPDE is converted into an optimization problem. Two popular NIC techniques including GA and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used to solve the optimization problem. The scheme has been successfully tested on some important NPDEs including generalized Burger-Fisher, Burger-Huxley, and Fisher equations. The proposed numerical solutions are found in a good agreement with the exact solutions and quite competent with those reported by some well-known classical methods like adomian decomposition method (ADM), variational iteration method (VIM), and homotopy perturbation method (HPM). It is also observed that the memetic algorithm schemes are good choice for the optimization of such problem. The presented schemes are simple as well as efficient, and they provide the numerical solution not only at the grid points but also at any value in the solution domain.