سامی ادیان میں جانوروں کی حلت و حرمت کےمتعلق احکامات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

سامی ادیان میں جانوروں کی حلت و حرمت کےمتعلق احکامات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Dietary rules and regulations may govern particular phases of the human life cycle and may also be associated with special events. Dietary Laws are grounded into the religious thought, and anyone expects logical clarifications for the continuation and determination of these rules in light of the respective religious tradition. The Semitic religions: orthodox Jews, Christians and Muslims have undoubtedly directed their adherents about the foodstuff “meat” with particular terms and conditions. This study attempts to define the similarities and differences between Halal and Kashrut (Kosher) in the light of their religion's commandments. The study confined to the Holy Scriptures. A comparative approach has been applied to these dietary practices. Moreover, it was found that Halal constitutes a different dietary law (Shariah) than Kashrut and vice versa. Even though similarities are found but it does not permit for the statutes to be usually supposed as reflection of each other. This analytical work will provide theoretical orientation; make reference to relevant theoretical and empirical literature for adequate clarification and comprehension where needed. To avoid pointless details, only the verse number mentioned in footnotes and extracted commands are just mentioned in the article. Qualitative research methodology has been adopted about the dietary laws about animals in Semitic Religions.

Pathological and Comparative Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus of Sub-Genotypes Vi G and Vi M in Pigeons

Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) cause infection in avian species including both poultry and non-poultry worldwide. It is an extremely contagious disease also affecting vaccinated birds. Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Pakistan, viruses of sub-genotype VIIi in genotype VII, and sub-genotype VIg and Vim in genotypes VI of class II is continually effecting the pigeons and poultry production facilities. The identification and characterization of these viruses in poultry and non-poultry species is necessary in order to create realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks. Genotype VI are also termed as pigeon paramyxoviryus-1, are frequently isolated and cause disease from the columbidae family. In this study, two PPMV-1 strains isolated from outbreaks in Lahore district were characterized by pathotypically, genotypically and detailed clinicopathologic assessment. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) values for pigeon/Pak/Lahore/SA_1/2017 and pigeon/Pak/Lahore/SA_2/2017 were 1.51 and 1.52 respectively. The complete genome analysis based on full F gene coding sequences of two pigeon origin isolates from Lahore in 2017, along with previously published NDV strains available in GenBank was conducted. Analysis of F gene showed clustering of the isolates with genotype VI g and VI m. The genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis showed comparison with class II genotypes including vaccine strains. Both the strains were up to 10% genetically distant from LaSota (genotype II) isolate. Additionally, when compared for nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence comparison several mutations were observed. The analysis of F and HN gene functional domains and receptor sites displayed conserved and mutated sequences. Results of genome analysis suggested that PPMV-1 isolates had antigenic variations from vaccine strain LaSota. For histopathological examination pigeon groups were challenged with pi/Lhr/SA_1/17 and pi/Lhr/SA_2/17 strains. Although severe clinical signs were not observed but microscopic results revealed lesions in multiple tissues from selected organs. Though limited data is available in Pakistan, this study will assist in introducing new control strategies and preventive measures for PPMV-1 outbreaks.