شیخ عبداﷲ
کشمیر کی گل پوشی وادی کے شیر شیخ عبداﷲ اس دارفانی سے کوچ کرکے اب وہاں ہیں جہاں ایک روز سب کو جاکر بارگاہ ایزدی میں اپنا اپنا اعمال نامہ پیش کرنا ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمت بے پایاں سے سرفراز فرمائیں، آمین۔
نجی مجلسوں میں اکثر یہ گفتگو رہتی ہے کہ ہندوستان میں انیسویں صدی میں جتنی عظیم اور قدر آور شخصیتیں پیدا ہوئیں، اتنی بیسویں صدی میں نہ ہوسکیں، مگر اس صدی میں جو چند عظیم المرتبت شخصیتیں پیدا ہوئیں، ان میں شیخ عبداﷲ بھی تھے، ان کی زندگی شروع سے فعال، متحرک اور ہنگامہ پرور رہی، اپنی جوانی میں مہاراجہ کشمیر کی استبدادیت سے ٹکرلی اور جیل گئے، پاکستان کی تحریک اور اس کے قیام کے بعد محمد علی جناح سے بھی تصادم مول لیا، ۱۹۴۷ء کے بعد کشمیر کا الحاق ہندوستان سے کرکے اپنے سیکولرزم کا ثبوت دیا، اور پاکستان سے جنگ بھی کی، لیکن پھر کشمیر کی مخصوص حیثیت کی خاطر، اپنے دوست پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو سے بھی ان کی وزارت عظمٰی کے زمانہ میں سیاسی اور دستوری نبرد آزمائی کی جس کے نتیجہ میں اپنی جوانی کے بہترین ایام قید اور نظربندی کی صورتوں میں گزارے، حکومت ہند سے ان کی معرکہ آرائی الف لیلیٰ کی داستان سے کم نہیں، جھپٹے، پلٹے، پلٹ کر جھپٹے، چھپٹ کر پلٹے، کشمیر کے عوام کے استصواب رائے، حق خود اختیاری اور سرزمین کشمیر کی آزادی کے نعرے بلند کرتے رہے، مگر جب یہ فضا میں صرف گونج کررہ گئے، تو پھر حکومت سے مصالحت کرلی، کشمیر کے وزیراعظم تو نہیں، لیکن وزیراعلیٰ بن گئے، اور اسی حیثیت سے ان کی وفات بھی ہوئی، اور جنازہ بھی اٹھا، جس کے بے پناہ ہجوم سے کشمیر میں ان کی محبوبیت کا اندازہ ہوا۔
وزیراعلیٰ کی حیثیت سے ان کا زریں...
تواریخ ادبیات اُردو کا فروغِ ادب میں کردار History is political, cultural or literary, is a social and social study. History writers have a great significance. If they are not unbelievable or not aware, then there are many misconceptions in the future. Therefore, history writers should always be obscurely, self-confident and powerful. The history and research capabilities of the writer in history are estimated. If a historian is not a researcher, then he is unable to present the truth. Similarly, a history trader does not have critical ability, he can try to review the facts. The historian not only parses events, but also offers a unique map of culture and culture. History of literature is especially described by culture and culture. History of the History of Urdu, it is known that historian literature is an important role in the promotion of Urdu. If the dates are removed, the understanding of literary literature will be impossible, that is why historians also play an important role promoting literature.
For energy deficit countries like Pakistan, an optimal energy management program is essential to make sure reliability in energy supply and discover energy saving opportunities by minimizing costs related to generation and transmission of energy. SCADA based management and supervision systems capitalize on the deployment of the on hand power management facility by interactive review of the electrical power network to check for system damages and outages. This thesis has contributed in low cost development and implementation of a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) with provision of wireless connectivity with an aim to optimize the energy management system based on SCADA. This particular design of RTU is based on FPGA and its performance is better than commercially available RTUs based on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and it is also well comparable with other commercially available modern RTUs for power related applications. The characteristics and features of developed RTU have been verified by means of hardware testing. Moreover, a model for optimized energy management system was also proposed and demonstrated by means of simulations. The provision of wireless connectivity in the developed RTU has been optimized and benchmarking was also done for further verification. Initially, the modeling of the power system outages and the system adjustments using contingency analysis using PowerWorld simulator is discussed which is followed by consideration of optimal power flow (OPF) tool to determine effective system corrections to execute in either the base case followed by a primary contingency or any of the secondary contingencies. It also incorporates two major functionalities namely Minimum Cost and Minimum Control Change which are available in OPF. It is then supplemented by mathematical model for congestion management to prove that the power flow can be affected not only by either varying voltage magnitudes or the power angle but it can also be affected by changing reactance of the transmission line. Therefore, either power angle or voltage magnitude may be used for congestion management. An integrated framework has been proposed after the development of model for power system outages and adjustments, OPF and mathematical model for xiv congestion management. This framework can provide a simulation platform for detailed study of power system to overcome issues like execution of restoration scheme by adding renewable energy resources. For development of RTU, a comparative assessment of performance of both methodologies of RTU design is executed, one based on PLCs and other one based on FPGAs which finalized for development of RTU due to its better performance and reliability. The hardware implementation and verification of this RTU design is done using a starter kit based on XILINX Spartan-3 Series FPGA with 500K logic gates and the MHX-2400 frequency-hopping 2.4 GHz spread-spectrum communications module which had been examined and found suitable as Communication Interface Module for this development. The FPGA based RTU offers flexibility in terms of I/Os, CPU and radio related configurations and expansion can be accommodated quickly if needed as FPGA based designs are reconfigurable. The design of link optimization has been implemented using Radio Mobile Simulator, a well known simulation platform for point to multipoint link optimization. The data transmitted from RTU is being received through Communication Interface Module for data integrity and graphical representation for which further benchmarking is done for Data Communication Protocol to further verify that the proposed solution is well suited for optimized energy management in countries having shortfall of energy. The implementation practical RTU hardware using FPGA include design initialization, main system thread, design modeling and qualification, process synthesis, programming of device and integration of communication interface module (MHX-2400) which interfaced with Spartan 3E using header available on starter kit. Finally, simulation of field inputs (variation in load) and control outputs (circuit breaker and isolators) connected with RTU from test panels has been done in hardware testing phase which allows sample inputs to be varied over the entire input range using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) followed by the suggestions for future work so that the research work may be extended to integrate new features and tools to contribute in the developed RTU hardware.