دین کی اصل توحید ہے قرآن کے مطلوب انسان کی زندگی ایک اللہ کی وفادار ہوتی ہے اس کا ہر سجدہ ،ہر امید، ہر اندیشہ، ہر محبت، ہر خوف، ہر دعا ،ہر عبادت صرف اور صرف اللہ کے لئے ہوتی ہے وہ اپنے رب کے ساتھ کسی کو شریک کرنے کا تصور بھی نہیں کر سکتا اللہ کے سوا کوئی رب نہیں ہے وہ واحد و یکتا ہے وہی معبود برحق ہے ۔
اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ قرآن مجید میں ارشاد فرماتے ہیں:
" اِنَّ اِلٰهَكُم لَوَاحِدٌ "۔[[1]]
"بیشک الہ تم سب کا ایک ہے"۔
قرآن میں بہت سے مقامات پر ہمیں توحید کا بیان ملتا ہے۔اس آیت میں الہ کی بنیادی نوعیت یہ ہے کہ معبود حقیقی سب کا ایک ہی ہے۔ اس میں تعدد کا احتمال نہیں ہے یہ خدائی اور معبودی ہے نہ اس کے سوا کسی کو معبود بنا سکتے ہیں اور نہ ہی کسی اور سے خیر کی توقع کی جا سکتی ہے۔ یہ توحید ہی سب سے پہلی اور سب سے بڑی چیز ہے جو ملت ابراہیم علیہ السلام کی وراثت کی حیثیت سے اس امت مسلمہ کی طرف منتقل ہوئی ہے ۔ اللہ تعالیٰ اپنی ذات و صفات میں یکتاو یگانہ ہے کوئی اس کی برابری کرنے والا نہیں ہے کوئی اسکا ہمسر مسلمان ہونے کے لیے ان تمام عقائد پر ایمان لانا ضروری ہے جن کو ہمیں قرآن میں حکم دیا گیا ہے۔
ارکان"رکن" کی جمع ہے اور رکن کسی بھی چیز کا اہم جز ہوتا ہے جس کے بغیر وہ مکمل نہیں ہوسکتی ایمان کے چھ ارکان ہیں لہذا اگر ایمان کا ایک رکن بھی ساقط ہو جائے تو انسان مومن نہیں رہتا خواہ وہ لاکھ ایمان کے دعوے کرتا رہے جیسے...
The Holy Quran Says: “Indeed in (the life of) the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad SAW) you have a good example to follow” (Al-Ahzab: 33/21). The present article shows that “the good example” of the Prophet (SAW) encompasses different aspects of human life including family and social one. The article brings to light that as a guardian of the household; the Prophet (SAW) sincerely looked after the daily needs of his family members and also took full care of guiding them in religious matters. He was habitual of doing his own works and sharing the burden of his family in domestic works. He gave preference to the needy among the companions (particularly Ashab-i- Suffah) over his family members in giving assistance for meeting the day-today requirements. With regard to the social life of the Prophet (SAW), the article discusses in detail that with multifarious duties, how he used to fulfill his social responsibilities regularly and faithfully. The author mainly emphasizes the active participation of the Prophet (SAW) in the collective works with his companions, strictly adhering to the principle of equality and desiring no distinction for himself while doing works. The article further takes into account the ideal practices of the Prophet (SAW) with regard to attending to the needs of poor, distressed and grieved persons without any discrimination between Muslims and non-Muslims. It also comes to light that the Prophet (SAW) was quite generous towards guests and sympathetic to patients including Muslims and non-Muslims. His mingling and associating with common people and attending to their problems of varied nature was also a striking feature of his social life. Moreover, it was also shown in the article with reference to the authentic sources, that the Prophet (SAW) was great helpful and cooperative particularly for the people of the weaker sections of society including slaves, servants, orphans, widows and disabled persons. In the light of the noble practices of the Prophet (SAW), this was highlighted by the contributor in the different parts of the article that he had left ideal examples of gentleness, justice, equality and transparency in dealing with people in social life and discharging his duties as the Prophet and head of the state. In fact, the total conformity (mutabaqat) between his sayings and practices was a shining example of his high character which had left a great and lasting impact on the society through ages and also contributed to make him the greatest personality of the world. It was observed by the author in the conclusion that the life of the Prophet (SAW) has been ideal from every aspect of human life. His Uswah-i- Mubarakah regarding social life has great importance from the point of view that it is mostly related to the fulfillment of human rights, particularly behaving and dealing with the people different shades. Of course, taking care and fulfillment of human rights is full of difficult trials and complicated problems especially in the present days. So, the Sirah of the Prophet (SAW) is quite relevant to tackle the problems of social life, as well as great useful for bringing reform in the decaying society of modern period.
One of the challenges for efficient and low-cost dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is the development of suitable cost- effective counter electrode (CE) materials. CE must be able to accept and release electrons efficiently. Platinum is generally used as catalytic CE for redox mediators in electrolyte solution. Unfortunately, platinum is expensive and non-sustainable for long-term applications. Therefore, researchers are developing low-cost and earth abundant alternatives. In this study, the composites of polymer (Polyaniline and Polypyrrole) with metals (silver, gold, copper) were synthesized by electrodeposition technique. These composites were tested for potential use as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for CE in DSSCs. Compared to the bare polymer CE, metal/polymer composite (silver/polyaniline, gold/polyaniline, copper/polyaniline, silver/polypyrrole, gold/polypyrrole and copper/polypyrrole) CEs show a high electrocatalytic activity for I3−/I− redox reaction, demonstrated by higher cathodic peak currents, lower values of peak to peak separation, and greater exchange current densities. The large electrocatalytic activity is of great significance for improving the efficiency of DSSCs. Among the different metal/polymer composites, copper/polypyrrole composite based DSSC exhibits a highest power conversion efficiency of 7.42%. This power conversion efficiency is also greater than a thermally decomposed Pt based DSSC (6.18%). The improved efficiency of the DSSC is due to following aspects: Firstly, polypyrrole film shows a porous surface that leads to improve the electrolyte/electrode interaction, employing additional electrocatalytic sites for the reduction of triiodide. Secondly, the high electron-transport network formed by the Cu nanorods on polypyrrole surface is also responsible for enhanced efficiency. This highlighted the importance of the large surface area, good accessibility of electrolyte into the CE, and appropriate conductivity of composite material, underlining a synergetic effect between polymer and metal nanostructures. The main limitation of DSSC is, however, the heavy, expensive, and inflexible transparent conducting glass typically used as CE substrate. To address this problem, this study concentrates on the transfer of the DSSC technology from transparent conducting glass substrates to light- weight, cost-efficient and flexible stainless steel sheet as CE substrate.