روشن امکانات کی شاعرہ: فضا موسیٰ
ڈاکٹر رحمت علی شادؔ
ہجر اثاثہ رہ جائے گا درد خلاصہ رہ جائے گا
شعر نگر میں نام ہمارا اچھا خاصا رہ جائے گا
شہرِ فرید میں جنم لینے والی ایک نو عمر، دوسروں سے ذرا ہٹ کر سوچنے والی، عام لوگوں سے قدرے مختلف مگر سنجیدہ، ہونہار، باشعور اور روشن امکانات کی ابھرتی ہوئی شاعرہ فضاؔ موسیٰ پاک پتن کی شعری فضا میں ایک خوش گوار اور کیف پرور جھونکے سے کسی طرح کم نہیں ان کا تازہ شعری مجموعہ’’ فضا سے کہنا‘‘ منصہ شہود پر آنے کے لیے بے قرار ہے۔ ان کا کلام پڑھنے کے بعد راقم اس نتیجے پر پہنچا ہے کہ ان کی غزلیات کے کچھ مصرعے اور اشعار اپنے تیکھے پن، ندرتِ خیال، پختگی فکر ، داخلیت اور خارجیت سے بھرپور رومانوی انداز لیے چونکا دینے کے ساتھ ساتھ دعوتِ فکر دیتے ہوئے نظر آتے ہیں۔
فضاؔ موسیٰ عہدِ جدید کی ایک منفرد لب و لہجے کی حامل شاعرہ ہیں جنھوں نے بالکل تھوڑے عرصے میں اپنی ذہنی اپج سے پاک پتن کی ادبی فضا میں اپنی نمایاں انفرادیت اور اپنا شعری تشخص قائم کیا ہے۔رومانوی فضائوں میں فضا کی شاعری عشق و محبت کی داستان لیے اپنی تمام تر رعنائیوں اور لوازمات کے ساتھ جلوہ گر ہے۔ ان کی غزلیات میں محبت کے مختلف رنگ جا بجا بکھرے نظر آتے ہیں، کبھی کبھی یوں محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ وہ زندگی کے کئی رازوں سے آشنا ہیں اور اس طرح وہ اپنے باطنی احساسات و جذبات کو حقیقت کا روپ دینے پر قادر نظر آتی ہیں۔ عشق و محبت کے کئی کئی رنگ ان کے کلام کا جزو لا ینفک ہیں۔ محبت اور محبت کے رنگوں کے متعلق وہ لکھتی ہیں:
جینے کا سامان محبت گر بخشے مسکان محبت
ساتوں رنگ ہیں اس دنیا...
Foreign direct investment plays a key role in economic development of all countries. Because of its enormous importance, a large number of empirical studies has focused on finding out the factors determining foreign direct investment. Level of human capital development is one of the major factors influencing foreign inflows. However, earlier studies examining impact of human capital on foreign investment inflows has majorly used literacy rate, school enrolment and government spending on education as its proxies. This paper also examines the impact of human capital as determinant of foreign direct investment. Contrary to earlier empirical studies, it uses cognitive skills as proxy for human capital. Cognitive skills measure the quality of education instead of literacy rate or government spending on education as proxy for human capital. Results indicate that human capital has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment for sample countries. This result is robust to disaggregated data for developed and developing countries. Other factors that determine foreign direct investment inflows are inflation, capital account openness, trade account openness and real income. Based on empirical results, it is recommended that the relevant authorities must make human capital as part and parcel of strategies aimed at augmenting economic growth in the country. There is also a lesson for a developing country like Pakistan to focus more on quality of education instead of school enrolment or education spending for attracting foreign direct investment to boost economic activity (J.E.L Classification Codes: O4, O15, P22).
Design and development of power-aware, scalable and performance efficient routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an active area of research. In this dissertation, we show that insect colonies based intelligence – commonly referred to as Swarm Intelligence (SI) – provides an ideal metaphor for developing routing protocols for WSNs because they consist of minimalists, autonomous individuals that through local interactions self-organize to produce system-level behaviors that show life long adaptability to changes and perturbations in an external environment. In this context, we propose a new routing protocol for WSNs – BeeSensor – inspired by the foraging principles of honey bees. We follow a three phase novel protocol engineering cycle. In the first phase, we study the foraging principles of a bee colony and utilize the inspirational concepts to develop a distributed, simple and energy-efficient routing protocol for WSNs. We then evaluate and compare the performance of this protocol with existing classical and SI-based WSN protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that BeeSensor consistently outperforms the existing well-known protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency. However, its performance degrades slightly as the network size is increased. To gain more insights into the parameters governing the behavior of BeeSensor in large-scale networks, in the second phase, we develop a generic mathematical evaluation framework to model two key performance metric of an ad hoc routing protocol: routing overhead and route optimality. We then develop specific routing overhead and route optimality models of the BeeSensor protocol. The metric models unfold several interesting insights about the performance of BeeSensor in large-scale networks. For instance, with an increase in the average hop length, route discovery probability of BeeSensor decays exponentially. We also model the reliability of packet delivery of the BeeSensor protocol. The model shows that the reliability of packet delivery is a concave function of the total number of paths. Therefore,maintenance of a set of paths beyond a certain threshold limit does not result in a proportional increase in the packet delivery ratio. Based on the insights inferred through the formal modeling, we revise the design of BeeSensor protocol in the third phase. To conclude this dissertation, we per- form simulation studies – using prowler simulator – to analyze and compare the performance of the final BeeSensor design with existing protocols. In the first set of experiments, we compare its performance with SI-based energy-efficient WSN protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that BeeSensor outperforms its com- petitors in all assumed scenarios and metrics. We then implement the BeeSensor protocol in NS-2 simulator to further investigate its performance in mobile networks and large-scale static sensor networks. The results clearly show that BeeSensor not only performs well in large-scale networks, but is equally good in MANETs as well. Therefore, BeeSensor is a viable protocol for hybrid ad hoc networks.