تحفظ نسواں بل 2006ء
1979ء سے حدود قوانین نافذ العمل رہے ۔ بعدا زاں یہ محسوس کیا گیا کہ زنا قابل نفاذ حدود کے قانون میں مختلف دفعات وہ بھی شامل کر دی گئیں جو ملک کے قا نونی فقہاء کے نزدیک وہ اس قانون میں ڈالی جانے والی اضافی اور موضوع سے ہٹ کر دفعات تھیں ، جس میں مرکزی حیثیت زنا کی تعریف کو حاصل تھی جس میں قبل ازیں متذکرہ دفعہ میں شادی / نکاح کا کسی بھی اشتباہ و التباس سے مبرا ہونا بھی لازمی امر تھا اور تحفظ نسواں آرڈیننس 2006 کے تحت valid Marriage سے لفظ Valildly کو حذ ف کر دیا گیا 499۔ قانون زیر بحث میں جرم زنا قابل نفاذ حد باقی ہے ، جب کہ اس میں شامل الفاظ " بالجبر یا زنا بالجبر " و دیگر دفعات ، جو زنا کی غرض سے خریدنے ، بیچنے سے متعلق تھیں کو بھی حذف کر دیا گیا 500 ،کیونکہ قانونی فقہا کے نزدیک اکثر خواتین غلط تعبیر و تشریح کے باعث ناجائز طور پر اس قانون کا شکار ہو رہی تھیں ۔ یہ جو ترامیم ہوئی ہیں، یہ Substantive Law میں ہوئی ہیں یعنی قانون کے متن میں کی گئی تبدیلیاں ہیں۔
اس کے علاوہ بیان کردہ یہ ترامیم حدزنا کے حوالے سے Procedural Law میں کی گئی ہیں ۔ حدود آرڈیننس میں مجوزہ ترامیم سے حدود قوانین غیر مؤثر ہو جائیں گے۔ حدود کے مقدمہ کے اخراج پر بلا ٹرائیل قذف کی سزا غیر قانونی ہے۔ اس ترمیم سے سچا مقدمہ درج کروانے والے مدعی کے دل میں بھی خوف و ہراس پیدا ہوگا جس سے مقدمہ درج کروانے کی حوصلہ شکنی ہوگی۔ زنا بالرضا کے جرم کو ناقابل دست اندازی پولیس قرار دینے سے قانون غیر مؤثر ہو جائیگااور معاشرے میں قانون اپنے ہاتھ میں لینے...
The ancient 5000 BCyears old Indus Valley Civilization, widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia. It is one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient EgyptianCivilizations and Mesopotamian civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro is located west of the Indus Riveraround 28 kilometres (17 miles) from the town of LarkanaDistrict, Sindh, Pakistan. The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921. It was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, under the direction of John Marshall, K. N. Mohenjo-Daro does mean 'Mound of the dead'. It is the name given by the locals to the place. The total area of Mohenjo-daro is 620 acres. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many important objects from Mohenjo-daro are conserved at the National Museum of India in Delhi and the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. In 1939, a representative collection of arteffacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.
This study explores the perceptions of mothers (working and stay-at-home) about their role in the emotional development of their children in early years (4-6 years). It also explores the facilitating and impeding factors in mother-child interaction during the emotional development in early years of the children. Emotional development as a process helps infants and children to develop the capacity to experience, express and interpret emotions. Mothers have great influence on children's emotional development. Mothers teach their children about daily life norms and build their attitude and character which shapes children's perceptions of the world and their later patterns of behaviours. My working experience as a Montessori Directress gave me insight that the mothers' attachment and interaction positively influences the emotional development of children in these years. However, it is assumed that working mothers are unable to provide quality time to their children due to workload. Thus, my study focuses on how working and stay-at-home mothers perceive their role in their children's emotional development in the early years. The qualitative design was used to explore the effects of stay-at-home and working mothers' interaction on their children's early year (focusing 4-6 years) emotional growth and development. Through a purposive sampling, four participants (two working and two stay-at-home mothers) were selected whose children were 4-6 years of age and were enrolled in Kindergarten I and II. The data was generated through semi-structured interviews. The data shows that mothers' closer bond positively influence children's emotional and social development. Whereas, inadequate time, lack of quality interaction and mothers' stress and frustration have negative influence on children's emotional development in terms of lack of confidence, trust, reluctance and detachment from their surroundings. The study concludes by presenting implications and recommendations for parents, teachers, teacher educators, early childhood educational institutions based on the children's emotional development particularly focusing on early years.