اسلامی اخلاقیات واقدار کے فروغ میں خاندانی ماحول کا کردار؛معاصرانہ چیلنجز اور لائحہ عمل The role of family environment in the development of Islamic ethics and values, Contemporary challenges, and action plan

Islamic rules and moral values are unique in all aspects. The members of Muslim Ummah have always tried to promote them. At the national level, this duty was carried out by people at different levels whether they were teachers, businessmen or lay man of the society. At international level, some rulers, business professionals and religious leaders played their role. Man's first relationship is with family. This relationship is the cornerstone in the development of a personality.  There has been a lot of change taken place in the family system. In the past, due to the limited necessities of life the financial responsibility was limited to a few people. Media was not that advanced and bold and family members were loving and respectful. With the beginning of advance era, human needs were widened and to satisfy them, women started participating in economic activities along with men. Due to which the child was shifted from his home to day care centre, while the media gave birth to the social media, the stories of compassion and care in home became the past. In the present era, there is a dire need to remove these barriers that hinder the development of Islamic values through balance between income and expenditure, positive and moderate use of media and positive attitude in family. These issues will be discussed under the answers to the following questions. What is the role of family in the development of Islamic ethics? What are the problems faced by the family in the development of Islamic moral values? What are the solutions to the present-day problems?  

Identification and Significance of Tumor Marker Muc1/Ca 15-3, in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Disease associated risk factors in premenopausal women includes professional and household stresses. While in post menopausal women the major factor is sedentary life style. Physiological characteristic have shown that the major risks associated with the aggressiveness of tumor are the receptor status especially triple negative (ER, PR and her2/neu) in both premenopausal and post menopausal women. Techniques of ELISA SEC, HPLC were tried to find out the method for estimation of the level of MUCI/CA15- 3 that showed an early detection and that was also economical. Computational protein modeling was used to predict secondary structure of MUC1. Predicted secondary structure of MUC1/CA 15-3 contains 6.0% helix, 7.9% strand or β-pleated sheet and 86.1% loop. Percentage composition shows an increased number of alanine, proline, serine, tyrosine, valine and glycine in helix, strand and turn or loop structure that indicates its basic and hydrophobic characteristics. MUC1/CA 15-3 comprises of an extracellular domain and a membrane associated domain. A junction of 3 amino acid units i.e. Cys-Gln-Cys between the extracellular subunit and transmembrane subunit is also observed. This motif is necessary for surface expression. The extracellular subunit consists of a tandem repeat unit that consist 20 amino acid residues i.e sapdnkpags and tappahgvts. This region of MUC1 may be used as vaccine for breast cancer. The subcellular subunit of MUC1 mainly consists of immunodominant DTR motif at 922 postion of the domain, is haeavily glycosylated and may protect the cell from any of the foreign body or tumor cell. The other subunit of MUC1/CA 15-3 consists of 17 amino acid residues. This subunit is associated with the plasma membrane. xixPost translational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation and myristoylation) are mainly observed in extracellular subunit. Several phosphorylation sites, Myristoylation sites and some glycosylation sites of tandem repeat region were predicted in MUC1/CA 15-3. It was observed that due to these modifications, the protein performed different functions. Alignment of the sequence of MUC1/CA 15-3 with the other family member of mucins (MUC2- MUC12) shows highest homology of MUC1/CA 15-3 with MUC4. The property of breast tumor to produce mucinous antigen was used for the synthesis of vaccine using the experimental mice. Electrophoretic technique was used to confirm the production of antibody that may be effective against antigen of MUC1/CA 15-3. The conclusion is that CA 15-3 is a transmembrane glycoprotein having basic and hydrophobic charecterstics. The most important part of this protein is extracellular and transmembrane subunits. These subunits of protein undergo posttranslational modification and are important in immunization and vaccine formation.